UNIT 6

Text 1

You reduce, reuse and recycle. You turn down plastic and paper. You avoid out-of-season grapes. You do all the right things. You would, in fact, have no impact on the planet. Americans would continue to emit an average of 20 tons of carbon dioxide a year; Europeans, about 10 tons.

So why bother recycling or riding your bike to the store? Because we all want to do something, anything. Call it "action bias." But, sadly, individual action does not work. It distracts us from the need for collective action, and it doesn't add up to enough. Self-interest, not self-sacrifice, is what induces noticeable change. Only the right economic policies will enable us as individuals to be guided by self-interest and still do the right thing for the planet.

Every ton of carbon dioxide pollution causes around $20 of damage to economies, ecosystems and human health. That sum times 20 implies $400 worth of damage per American per year. That's not damage you're going to do in the distant future; that's damage each of us is doing right now. Who pays for it?

We pay as a society. My cross-country flight adds fractions of a penny to everyone else's cost. That knowledge leads some of us to voluntarily chip in a few bucks to "offset" our emissions. But none of these payments motivate anyone to fly less. It doesn't lead airlines to switch to more fuel-efficient planes or routes. If anything, airlines by now use voluntary offsets as a marketing ploy to make green-conscious passengers feel better. The result is planetary socialism at its worst: we all pay the price because individuals don't.

It won't change until a regulatory system compels us to pay our fair share to limit pollution accordingly. Limit, of course, is code for "cap and trade ", the system that helped phase out lead in gasoline in the 1980s, slashed acid rain pollution in the 1990s and is now bringing entire fisheries back from the brink. "Cap and trade" for carbon is beginning to decrease carbon pollution in Europe, and similar models are slated to do the same in California.

Never mind that markets are truly free only when everyone pays the full price for his or her actions. The reality is that we cannot overcome the global threats posed by greenhouse gases without speaking the ultimate inconvenient truth: getting people excited about making individual environmental sacrifices is doomed to fail.

Don't stop recycling. Don't stop buying local. But add mastering some basic economics to your to-do list. Our future will be largely determined by our ability to admit the need to end planetary socialism. That's the most fundamental of economics lessons and one any serious environmentalist ought to heed.

1. We learn from the first two paragraphs that______.

[A] a great number of people devote themselves to environmental protection

[B] various things people do to protect the environment are quite effective

[C] many people take irrational actions in the protection of environment

[D] economic policies should be made based on people's interests

2. The author implies in Paragraphs 3 and 4 that______.

[A] small groups of people pollute the whole world

[B] many people would lead a convenient life at any cost

[C] there should be a limit to airplane flights

[D] higher flight prices can offset the emissions

3. The "cap and trade" system______.

[A] enables people to share the cost of pollution in the world

[B] is able to help reduce the amount of pollution effectively

[C] can save natural resources and protect the endangered species

[D] will be widely adopted by companies all over the world

4. According to Paragraphs 6 and 7, the environment can be bettered if______.

[A] people shoulder their own part of responsibility in pollution

[B] people are aware of the inconveniences brought by pollution

[C] people are encouraged to make environmental sacrifices

[D] all people around the world resist the existence of socialism

5. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

[A] Why Is It So Hard to Stop Pollution?

[B] More Pollution, More Charges

[C] Going Green But Getting Nowhere

[D] Environmental Pollution: A Global Business