第四节 情态动词

一、定义

情态动词本身有一定的词义,但要与不带to的普通动词一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。

二、分类

(一)情态动词有四类

1.只作情态动词:must, can(could), may(might), ought to

2.既可作情态动词又可作实义动词:need, dare

3.既可作情态动词又可作助动词:shall(should), will(would)

4.具有情态动词特征:have/has(had)to, used to

(二)英语(二)考试中情态动词部分重点测试内容

1.情态动词+行为动词完成式

情态动词+行为动词完成式即“情态动词+ have + 过去分词”,表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。

(1)must have V-ed

must have V-ed表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为:can't/couldn't have V-ed,表示过去不可能发生某事。

例1:I must have provided you with the money. Why didn't you ask me?(2004年真题)

我一定可以给你拿钱的,你为什么没问我呢?

例2:The church's spiritual life must have been polluted by my base yearnings.

教会中的精神生活肯定被我那种低级的渴望污染了。

例3:Fred says it must have been caused by combustion—the burning of gases from rotting matter.

佛瑞德说那一定是燃烧引起的——腐烂的物质发出的气体的燃烧。

(2)“can't+have+done”表示对过去事情的否定推测,译成“不可能做过某事”。

例:Mr.Smith can't have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now.

史密斯先生不可能去北京了,我刚才还在图书馆见过他。

(3)may/might have V-ed

may/might have V-ed表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了。may比might表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。

例:Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they hoped to prove the power of the Internet.(2008年真题)

很多人也许有意地帮助了Kyle,因为他们希望证明网络的力量。

(4)ought to/should have V-ed和ought not to/shouldn't have V-ed

ought to/should have V-ed和ought not to/shouldn't have V-ed用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”“不满”,分别表示“本应该……”和“本不应该……”。

例:There, high school graduates and high school dropouts pursuing graduate equivalency certificates will learn the skills they should have learned in school.(2006年真题)

高中毕业生及需求同等学力的高中辍学生会在学校学到他们本该学到的技能。

(5)needn't have V-ed

needn't have V-ed表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要,意为“本没必要……”。

例:You needn't have waken me up; I don't have to go to work today.

你没必要叫醒我,我今天不上班。

表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时,就表示的可能性程度而言,must最大,could其次,may更次之,might最小。

(6)“could+have+done”是虚拟语气,表示对过去事情的假设,意思是本来能够做某事而没有做。

He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless.

本来他能够通过考试,但是他太粗心。

2.情态动词+行为动词进行式

情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+be +V-ing形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。

例:He must be mending his car now.

他此刻一定在修车呢。

3.情态动词+行为动词完成进行式

情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+have been+V-ing形式),表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。

例:Policeman:Do you think where you are? On a race track? You must have been driving car at 70 miles per hour.

警察:你认为你现在是在哪儿?在赛车道上吗?你刚才一定是以每小时70英里的速度开车。

可用作情态动词的其他短语:would rather, would sooner, would(just)as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may(just)as well等。

这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形:would(had)rather, would(had)sooner, would(just)as soon后可跟that引导的从句,that常省去,从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时,对过去的假设用过去完成时。