（七）副词的误用
1．兼有带-ly与不带-ly两种形式的副词的误用
错句1
He got up, walked across the room, and with a sharp quick movement flung the door widely open.
He got up, walked across the room, and with a sharp quick movement flung the door wide open.
他站起来，走过房间，猛地把门敞得大开。
解析 如wide和widely所示，有些副词虽然意思相近但仍有区别：不带-ly的形式表示具体意义，带-ly的形式表示抽象或引申意义。wide的意思是“尽可能远，尽可能充分地”。widely的意思是“广泛地，普遍地”，如：“She is widely known as a good doctor.(许多人都知道她是位出色的医生。)”
类例
She held me closely and pressed her cheek to mine.
She held me close and pressed her cheek to mine.
她紧紧地抱着我，并把脸贴在我脸上。
解析 close的意思是“不远地，紧挨着”。再如：“They live quite close.(他们住得很近。)”
Taste and smell are close connected.
Taste and smell are closely connected.
味觉和嗅觉是紧密相关的。
解析 closely的意思是“密切地，紧密地”。再如：“He closely resembles his father.(他酷似父亲。)”
They buried the box deeply.
They buried the box deep.
他们把盒子深埋了起来。
We deep regret your misfortune.
We deeply regret your misfortune.
对你的不幸，我们深感遗憾。
He threw the ball so highly that no one could catch it.
He threw the ball so high that no one could catch it.
他把球扔得太高，没人能接住。
Conceited people think high of themselves.
Conceited people think highly of themselves.
自负的人都认为自己了不起。
解析 在正确句子中，highly的意思是“赞赏地，钦佩地”。它另外还作“非常，高度地”解，如：highly successful(非常成功), highly trained(受过高级训练的)。
错句2
She is pretty dressed.
She is prettily dressed.
她打扮得很漂亮。
解析 如pretty和prettily所示，不带-ly的形式为强化副词，带-ly的形式为方式副词。pretty作“很，相当”解，再如：“It is pretty cold today.(今天相当冷。)”prettily为方式副词，作“漂亮地”解。
类例
He cleanly forgot about it.
He clean forgot about it.
他把它忘得一干二净。
解析 强化副词clean作“(行动)完全地”解，再如：“The thief got clean away. (那小偷逃得无影无踪。)”
Fuels that burn clean are being widely used now.
Fuels that burn cleanly are being widely used now.
环保型燃料正被广泛使用。
解析 方式副词cleanly在正确句子中作“清洁地”解，另外还作“干净利落地”解，如：“The boat moved cleanly through the water.(小船在水面上轻快地行进。)”
He was just pardoned.
He was justly pardoned.
他得到了公正的宽恕。
解析 强化副词just作“恰好，仅仅，完全”等解，如：“He looks just like his brother.(他看起来跟他兄弟一模一样。)”方式副词justly则作“公正地”解。
The village lies 8 miles duely north of the town.
The village lies 8 miles due north of the town.
这个村子位于城正北8英里处。
解析 强化副词due作“正对着(某个方向)”解，再如：“They sailed due east. (他们的船朝正东驶去。)”
He shall be due punished according to related rules.
He shall be duly punished according to related rules.
将按有关规定对他进行惩处。
解析 方式副词duly作“应有地，应得地”解。
Put the vase rightly in the middle.
Put the vase right in the middle.
把花瓶放到正中。
解析 强化副词right在正确句子中作“正好，恰好”解。它还作“完全地，径直”等解，如：“The car ran right off the track.(汽车径直开出了车道。)”
The school was right proud of the results of the exam.
The school was rightly proud of the results of the exam.
学校对考试成绩感到自豪，这是理所当然的。
解析 方式副词rightly作“理由充分地，恰当地，正确地”等解。再如：“As she rightly pointed out, the illness can affect adults as well as children.(她说得对，这种病不仅影响儿童，也会影响成人。)”
错句3
The mail was delivered lately today.
The mail was delivered late today.
今天的邮件送晚了。
解析 late是early的反义词，而lately=recently，如：“I have not been feeling very well lately.(我最近一直感觉不是很好。)”
错句4
Small businesses was hit hardly by the recession.
Small businesses was hit hard by the recession.
小企业受到经济衰退的沉重打击。
解析 副词hard在正确句子中作“重重地；猛烈地”解，它还有“努力地”等意思。hardly则作“几乎不”解，如：“She could hardly speak for tears.(她哭得几乎说不出话来。)”
错句5
Stand clearly of the train door.
Stand clear of the train door.
不要靠近火车门站立。
解析 副词clear在正确句子中作“不靠近，不触及，离开”解，再如：“He injured his arm as he jumped clear of the car.(他从汽车上往下跳时伤了手臂。)”clearly则作“清楚地”解，如：“He explained everything very clearly.(他把一切都解释得清清楚楚。)”
错句6
Babies are allowed to travel freely on buses.
Babies are allowed to travel free on buses.
婴儿可以免费乘公共汽车。
解析 副词free在正确句子中作“免费地”解，另外它还可作“自由地，松弛地”解。freely作“坦率地，毫不犹豫地，自如地”解，如：“You may speak freely; say what you like.(你可以随便讲，爱说什么说什么。)”
错句7
The exams are drawing nearly.
The exams are drawing near.
考试越来越近了。
解析 副词near在正确句子中作“时间近，临近”解。它还可作“在附近”解，如：“A bomb exploded somewhere near.(一颗炸弹在附近爆炸。)”强化副词nearly作“几乎，差不多”解，如：“It's nearly time to leave.(差不多该走了。)”
错句8
That was the very quality that I had loved mostly in her.
That was the very quality that I had loved most in her.
那正是她所具备的我最喜欢的品质。
解析 正确句子中的most是副词much的最高级。
错句9
The guests are most friends of the bride.
The guests are mostly friends of the bride.
这些客人大多数是新娘的朋友。
解析 副词mostly的意思是“主要地，通常”。再如：“I mostly wore black and navy trousers.(我平常穿黑色或深蓝色的裤子。)”
错句10
I'll be there direct.
I'll be there directly.
我马上就到那儿。
解析 在表示运动“不停顿或不改变方向”时，direct和directly都作“直接地”解，通常可以换用，如：“The train goes direct/directly to Beijing.(这列火车直达北京。)”但在正确句子中，directly的意思是“马上，立刻”，direct没有此义。
2．副词误加-ly
错句11
In order for one to achieve the desired results in this experiment, it is necessary that he work as fastly as possible.
In order for one to achieve the desired results in this experiment, it is necessary that he work as fast as possible.
要想在这个实验中取得渴望得到的结果，就必须尽可能快地做。
解析 如正确句子中的fast那样，英语中有一些副词不以-ly结尾，又与形容词同形，如：far, fast, half, little, long, still, well等。
3．so的误用
错句12
If you haven't sent it yet, I'd be pleased if you would do that as soon as possible.
If you haven't sent it yet, I'd be pleased if you would do so as soon as possible.
如果你还没把它寄走，请尽快寄走。
解析 副词so可以表示状态或方式，与动词do连用，表示前面提到的动作。代词that表示前面提到的事物或情况的用法与此不同，如：“Anyone can do that.(谁都可以那样做。)”“We see him when he comes here for a meeting, but that isn't often.(我们在他来开会时见到他，不过那不经常。)”
类例
They asked me to call them and I did that.
They asked me to call them and I did so.
他们要我叫他们，于是我叫了。
错句13
Even if she notices, she never says that.
Even if she notices, she never says so.
就算她留意到，她也从来不说。
解析 副词so可以与动词say, tell, think, suppose等连用，代表一个从句或句子。此时不能用that。
类例
It's a difficult problem.I told you that from the start.
It's a difficult problem.I told you so from the start.
这是个难题。我一开始就告诉你了。
4．强化副词的误用
（1）very的误用
错句14
The children are still very awake.
The children are still wide awake.
孩子们还是没有一点儿睡意。
解析 very通常不能修饰只能作表语的以a-开头的形容词。这类形容词通常有特定的强化副词修饰，再如：“He is fast/sound asleep.(他正在熟睡。)”有些词则由very much修饰，如：“They are very much afraid.(他们非常害怕。)”
错句15
She was very admired and respected by all the pupils'parents.
She was greatly/much admired and respected by all the pupils'parents.
所有学生家长都对她非常赞赏和尊敬。
解析 very可修饰表示形容词意义的过去分词，如very bored/worried/interested/pleased。但very不能修饰表示动作意义的过去分词，如该句中的admired，此时一般用greatly, much等修饰。
类例
Conditions have been very changed.
Conditions have been much/greatly changed.
情况发生了很大变化。
He was very occupied in cooking the dinner.
He was fully occupied in cooking the dinner.
他正在忙着做饭。
错句16
The book is very worth reading.
The book is well worth reading.
这本书很值得读。
解析 形容词worth可以被强化副词well, really, always, almost, certainly，hardly等修饰，但不能被very修饰。
（2）much的误用
错句17
Nowadays, there are much more criminals than policemen.
Nowadays, there are far/many more criminals than policemen.
现在，犯罪分子比警察多得多。
解析 如正确句子所示，当比较级的more修饰可数名词criminals时，前面的强化副词不能用much，而应该用far或者many。如果more修饰不可数名词，则前面用much，如：“There is much more water in this well than in that one.(这口井里的水比那口井多得多。)”
错句18
I have made much too many mistakes.
I have made far too many mistakes.
我犯的错误的太多了。
解析 修饰too many/much的强化副词不是much，而是far，再如：“She always gives us far too much homework.(她总是让我们做多得不得了的作业。)”
错句19
He was driving too much fast when the accident happened.
He was driving much/far too fast when the accident happened.
他飞快地开车时发生了事故。
解析 强化副词much too或far too之后接形容词或副词，再如：“The other one is far/much too expensive.(另一个太贵了。)”
※另见第六章(搭配错误)：副词与形容词的搭配错误和副词与动词的搭配错误
5．关系副词的误用
（1）when的误用
错句20
The time is not far away before modern communications will become widespread in China's vast countryside.
The time is not far away when modern communications will become widespread in China's vast countryside.
现代通信普及中国广大农村的日子已经为期不远了。
解析 在该复合句中，从句是定语从句，修饰主句中的time，由关系副词when引导。作为从属连词，before只能引导状语从句，如：“It may be many years before the situation improves.(这种状况或许要过许多年才能得到改善。)”“It wasn't long before he came.(没多久他就来了。)”
错句21
My vacation begins next Tuesday, while I will leave for Florida.
My vacation begins next Tuesday, when I will leave for Florida.
我的假期下周二开始，届时我将去佛罗里达。
解析 在该复合句中，关系副词when引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰主句中的Tuesday。while不能引导定语从句。作为并列连词，while表示转折关系，如：“Their country has plenty of oil, while ours has none.(他们国家有大量石油，我们国家一点儿也没有。)”作为从属连词，while表示时间和让步，如：“You can go swimming while I am having lunch.(我吃午饭的时候你可以去游泳。)”“While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.(尽管我理解你说的，但却无法赞同。)”
（2）where的误用
错句22
He put the cake in a secret place which I couldn't find it.
He put the cake in a secret place where I couldn't find it.
他把蛋糕放到一个我找不到的秘密地方。
解析 该句是一个含有定语从句的复合句，关系副词where修饰主句中的place，在从句中作状语。错句的错误在于关系代词which不能作状语。
错句23
Once more I have to leave London, as I have been living for three years.
Once more I have to leave London, where I have been living for three years.
我又得离开伦敦了，我在此已经住了三年。
解析 在该复合句中，关系副词where引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰主句中的London，在从句中作状语。错句的错误在于，如果把从句当作定语从句，则关系代词as不能作状语；如果把它看作引导状语从句的从属连词(表示时间或原因)，则该从句因缺少句子成分而不成立。
（3）why的误用
错句24
I can't think of any reason that you should take all the blame for what happened.
I can't think of any reason why you should take all the blame for what happened.
我想不出你对所发生的事承担全部过错的任何理由。
解析 该句中的从句是why引导的定语从句，关系副词why是修饰reason的定语从句的唯一引导词。把that引导的从句视为同位语从句也是错误的，因为同位语从句的同位名词仅限于具有一定内容含义的抽象名词，如：fact, news, idea，hope, report, opinion, order, question, promise, rumor等。如：“The police report that the drugs had been found appeared in the press yesterday.(警方已找到毒品的报告昨天见报了。)”
（4）that的误用
错句25
It was in Stanford University where he was studying then.
It was in Stanford University that he was studying then.
那时他是在斯坦福大学读书。
解析 该句是一个强调句，强调地点，在it was之后只能用关系副词that。错句使用where是误把它当作定语从句了。
错句26
It was last year when Tom graduated from high school.
It was last year that Tom graduated from high school.
汤姆是去年高中毕业的。
解析 该句是一个强调句，强调时间。错句使用when是误把它当作定语从句了。
6．相似副词的误用
（1）词义相似的副词的误用
错句27
Japan has nearly no natural resources.
Japan has almost no natural resources.
日本几乎没有自然资源。
解析 almost和nearly是近义词。在all, every, always以及动词否定式之前，两者可以换用，如：“They almost/nearly always have coffee for breakfast.(他们早餐几乎总是喝咖啡。)”“I almost/nearly didn't wake up on time.(我差点睡过了头。)”该句之所以必须用almost，是因为nearly不能跟any和否定词no, never, none, nobody，nothing等连用，再如：“I almost never see her.(我几乎从来见不到她。)”
错句28
Those who signed up were almost women.
Those who signed up were mostly women.
报名的多半是妇女。
解析 almost作“几乎，差一点儿”解，如：“It's almost time to go.(差不多是该走的时候了。)”mostly的意思近似于mainly(主要地), generally(通常，多半)，再如：“We are mostly out on Sunday.(我们星期天一般不在家。)”
错句29
He doesn't pay his bill on time, and his roommate doesn't also/too.
He doesn't pay his bill on time, and his roommate doesn't either.
他不按时付账单，他的室友也不按时付。
解析 too和also用于肯定句，位于句中或句末，如：“We too/also are disappointed./We are disappointed too/also.(我们也感到失望。)”在表示延续否定(意思为“也不”)时，副词either必须位于句末，再如：“I can't swim, and he can't，either.(我不会游泳，他也不会。)”
错句30
It was a terrible flight.The next time I go there, I will surely go by train.
It was a terrible flight.The next time I go there, I will definitely go by train.
那次坐飞机太可怕了。下次再去那儿我肯定会坐火车。
解析 surely和definitely的意思相近，表示“必定，一定，肯定”。前者往往用于让对方同意自己，如：“Surely they should have arrived by now.(他们现在一定是到了。)”后者表示对事实有把握，如：“That answer is definitely true.(那个答案绝对正确。)”
（2）拼写相似的副词的误用
错句31
The conference formerly opened yesterday.
The conference formally opened yesterday.
会议昨天正式开始。
解析 formally作“正式地，正规地”解，再如：“He is not formally trained as a musician.(他不是科班出身的音乐家。)”formerly作“以前”解，如：“This country was formerly ruled by the Spanish.(该国过去受西班牙人统治。)”
错句32
The plane landed after flying continually for 12 hours.
The plane landed after flying continuously for 12 hours.
飞机在连续飞行12小时后着陆。
解析 continuously的意思是“不间断地”，而continually表示“频繁地”，如：“I am tired of the way he continually complains about everything.(他老是对什么都抱怨，我都烦了。)”
错句33
He studied the subject farther than I did.
He studied the subject further than I did.
这个问题他研究得比我深。
解析 在表示真实的距离(作“更远地”解)时，farther和further可以换用，如：“I have to travel farther/further to work now.(我现在得走更远的路去上班。)”在表示“进一步；更加”时，只能用further，再如：“Let's consider this point further.(我们再深入地考虑这一点吧。)”
错句34
The situation is specially encouraging.
The situation is especially encouraging.
形势特别鼓舞人心。
解析 especially的意思是“尤其，特别，格外”，specially的意思是“专门地，特意”，如：“The ring was specially made for her.(这枚戒指是特地为她做的。)”