2017年6月大学英语六级考试真题精析(第二套)

Part I Writing

【范文】

As high school years draw to a close, some students may face a choice: whether they should attend a vocational college or a university. In fact, if they choose according to their learning interest and career expectations, it won't be so difficult to make a decision.

First of all, a student should make a wise choice depending on his personal interest. Attending a university will be a good choice for one who is mainly interested in academic study. In contrast, one who wants to be engaged in learning specific skills or to improve practical capabilities should go to a vocational college. Secondly, career expectations also play a key role. If one is looking forward to becoming an academic researcher or getting a job which requires more theoretical knowledge, he'd better go to a university. While a vocational college has a lot of advantages for one who would like to apply for a position which calls for more practical skills.

To sum up, making a right decision on further education is important in that it will have a great impact on one's life path in the foreseeable future. Personal interest and career expectations will help one make a proper choice.

【译文】

随着高中学年接近尾声,一些学生可能会面临一种选择:应该上职业学院还是大学。事实上,如果他们根据自己的学习兴趣和职业期望来选择,就不难做出决定了。

首先,学生应该根据个人的兴趣做出明智的选择。对于那些主要对学术感兴趣的人来说,上大学会是不错的选择。相反,想要学习特定技能或提高实践能力的人应该去上职业学院。其次,职业期望也起着关键作用。一个人如果期望成为一名学术研究者或想找到一份要求更多理论知识的工作,他最好去上大学。而一个人若想申请需要更多实践技能的职位,那么职业院校有很多优势。

总之,在教育深造这个问题上做出正确的决定是很重要的,因为它会在可预见的未来对一个人的人生道路产生重大影响。个人兴趣和职业期望将有助于人们做出合适的选择。

【要点用法】

draw to a close 接近尾声

academic 学术的

play a role 起作用

vocational college 职业学院

in contrast 相反

look forward to 期待,期望

career expectation 职业期望

specific 特定的

to sum up 概括地说,总之

depend on 取决于

practical capabilities 实践能力

in the foreseeable future 在可预见的未来

【句法点评】

1.As high school years draw to a close, some students may face a choice: whether they should attend a vocational college or a university. In fact, if they choose according to their learning interest and career expectations, it won't be so difficult to make a decision.

开篇提出“选择上职业学院还是大学”这一话题,接着明确观点:根据个人兴趣和职业期望来做出选择。使用时间状语从句和条件状语从句增强了文章的逻辑性。

2.First of all, a student should make a wise choice depending on his personal interest.

首先综述应该根据个人兴趣做出选择,为下文具体展开论述做铺垫,符合题目要求。

3.Attending a university will be a good choice for one who is mainly interested in academic study. In contrast, one who wants to be engaged in learning specific skills or to improve practical capabilities should go to a vocational college.

具体论述不同的个人兴趣造就不同的选择。使用in contrast表示转折和对比,增强文章逻辑性。

4.Secondly, career expectations also play a key role. If one is looking forward to becoming an academic researcher or getting a job which requires more theoretical knowledge, he'd better go to a university. While a vocational college has a lot of advantages for one who would like to apply for a position which calls for more practical skills.

综述应根据职业期望做出决定,符合题目要求,然后具体论述应根据未来想要从事的职业的要求做出选择,条理清楚,观点明确。

5.To sum up, making a right decision on further education is important in that it will have a great impact on one's life path in the foreseeable future. Personal interest and career expectations will help one make a proper choice.

最后总结全文观点,有关继续教育的选择会影响一个人的人生道路,需要根据个人兴趣和职业期望做出适合自己的选择。

Part II Listening Comprehension

Section A

Conversation One

W: Mr. Ishiguro, have you ever found one of your books at a second-hand bookstore?

M: Yes. That kind of thing is difficult. If they've got my book there, I think[1]“Well, this is an insult! Somebody didn't want to keep my book.” But if it's not there, I feel it's an insult too. I think, “Why aren't people exchanging my book? Why isn't it in this store?”

W: Does being a writer require a thick skin?

M: Yes. For example, my wife can be very harsh. I began working on my latest book, The Buried Giant, in 2004, but I stopped after I showed my wife a little section. She thought it was rubbish.

W: Even after you won a Booker Prize?

M: She is not intimidated at all, and she criticises me in exactly the same way she did when I was first unpublished and I was starting.

W: But you would never compromise on your vision.

M: No. I wouldn't ever compromise on the essential, the ideas, or the themes.[2]This isn't really what my wife is trying to criticise me about. It's always about execution.

W: So why did you put your book The Buried Giant aside for so long? Apparently, you started working on it over ten years ago.

M:[3]I've often stopped writing the book and left it for a few years. And by the time I come back to it, it may have changed. Usually my imagination has moved on, and I can think of different contexts or a different way to do it.

W: What does it feel like when you finally finish a book?

M: It's funny you ask that, because I never have this moment when I feel “Ah, I've finished!” I watch footballers at the end of the match, you know; the whistle goes and they've won or lost. Until then, they've been giving everything they have, and at that moment they know it's over.[4]It's funny for an author. There's never a finishing whistle.

1.How would the man feel if he found his book in a second-hand bookstore?

2.What does the man's wife think of his books?

3.What does the man do when he engages in writing?

4.What does the man want to say by mentioning the football match?

1.C

【听前预测】四项均以he开头;提到的内容均与人的情感相关(embarrassed, sad, insulted, disappointed)。

结论:该题可能考查与男士的个人感受有关的内容。听音时要仔细听男士谈及的感受,然后结合选项做出判断。

【解析】对话中男士提到Well, this is an insult!Somebody didn't want to keep my book.(哦,这简直是一种侮辱!竟然有人不愿意留着我的书。)C项与对话内容相符,故为正确答案。

2.D

【听前预测】四项均以they开头,均表示某物的特征,其中两项描述优点(make good reading, worthy of a prize),两项描述缺点(of little value, need improvement)。

结论:该题可能考查they的某个特征。听音时首先要确定they所指代的内容,然后结合选项做出判断。

【解析】对话中男士提到This isn't what my wife... to criticise... It's always about execution.(这不是我的妻子……批评……的内容,她总是批评我的创作方式。)由之前的对话可知,男士书中的核心内容、观点和主题并不是他妻子批评的内容,再由之后的对话可知,即使男士的作品获得了布克奖,他的妻子还是跟以往一样给他提出批评意见。由此可知,男士的妻子认为他的作品有待提高,并不是“完全没有价值”,因此排除A项,D项与对话内容相符,故为正确答案。

3.D

【听前预测】四项均以he开头,三项提到的内容与写作相关(writes several books simultaneously, draws on his real-life experiences, seldom writes a book straight through)。

结论:该题考查的内容可能与男士写作的情况相关。听音时需留意与表示男士写作相关内容的语句。

【解析】对话中男士提到I've often stopped writing the book and left it for a few years.(在创作这本书时,我经常停笔并搁置好几年。)由此可知,男士的写作过程经常间断,很少一气呵成,因此D项与对话内容相符,故为正确答案。

4.B

【听前预测】三项描述足球比赛和写作之间的关系,一项描述作家与足球运动员之间的关系。

结论:该题考查的内容可能是写作与足球比赛之间的关系。听音时需留意与此相关的语句。

【解析】对话结尾处男士提到It's funny for an author. There's never a finishing whistle.(这对一名作家来说很稀奇。写作从来都没有终场哨声。)由此可知,男士在此想要表达的是,写作没有终点,因此B项与对话内容相符,故为正确答案。

Conversation Two

W: According to a study of Race & Equity in Education,[5]black athletes are dropping out of college across the country at alarming rates. With us to talk about the findings in the study is Washington Post columnist Kevin Blackstone. Good morning!

M: Good morning. How are you?

W: Fine, thank you. What is new that you found in this study?

M: Well, this is Shaun Harper's study. And he points out that on major college campuses across the country,[6]black males make up less than 3 percent of undergraduate enrollments. Yet, when you look at their numbers or percentages on the revenue-generating sports teams of football and basketball, they make up well into 50~60 percent of those teams. So the idea is that they are really there to be part of the revenue-generating working class of athletes on campus, and not necessarily there to be part of the educating class as most students in other groups are.

W: Compared with other groups,[7]I think the numbers in this group at those 65 schools are something like just barely more than half of the black male athletes graduate at all.

M: Exactly. And what's really bad about this is these athletes are supposedly promised at least one thing as reward for all their blood and sweat. And that is a college degree, which can be a transformative tool in our society when you talk about upward mobility. And that's really the troubling part about this.

W: Well, this has been talked about so much, really, in recent years. Why hasn't it changed?

M: Well, I think one of the reasons it hasn't changed is because there is really no economic pressure to change this. All of the incentive is really on winning and not losing on the field or on the court.[8]Coaches do not necessarily have the incentive to graduate players.

5.What are the speakers talking about?

6.What is the new finding about black male athletes in the study?

7.What is the graduation rate of black male athletes?

8.What accounts for black athletes' failure to obtain a college degree according to the man?

5.C

【听前预测】四项均提到了black athletes,内容均与黑人运动员在大学的状况相关(enrollments, financial assistance, dropout rates和achievements)。

结论:该题考查的内容可能与黑人运动员在大学的状况相关。听音时要留意与各个选项的关键词汇相关的内容。

【解析】对话中女士提到...black athletes are dropping out of college across the country at alarming rates.(在全国的大学中,黑人运动员的辍学率高得惊人。)由此可知,本段对话讨论的应是高校黑人运动员的辍学率,因此C项与对话内容相符,故为正确答案。

6.A

【听前预测】四项均以they开头,且描述内容都与they的表现相关;两项内容与金钱有关(make money for the college, finding money to complete their studies),两项内容与学业或体育成绩相关(better at sports than academic work, display great talent in every kind of game)。

结论:该题考查的内容可能与they在大学里的表现相关。听音时首先要确定they所指代的内容,然后结合选项做出判断。

【解析】对话中男士提到black males make up less than 3 percent of undergraduate enrollments. Yet, when you look at their numbers or percentages on the revenue-generating sports teams of football and basketball, they make up well into 50~60 percent of those teams.(黑人男性所占的比例还不到本科生入学人数的3%。然而,在给学校带来收入的足球队和篮球队中,他们的人数足足占到了所有队员人数的50%~60%。)由此可得知,这些黑人在足球队和篮球队中为学校创造收入,但是辍学率极高,未能顺利拿到学位。A项与对话内容相符,故为正确答案。

7.B

【听前预测】四项均有表示比例的数字。

结论:该题可能考查某种情况的占比情况。听音时要格外注意听与数字有关的内容,然后结合选项做出判断。

【解析】对话中女士提到I think the numbers in this group at those 65 schools are something like just barely more than half of the black male athletes graduate at all.(我认为在那65所学校中,拿到学位的黑人男运动员人数刚刚超过黑人男运动员毕业生总人数的一半。)也就是说,黑人男运动员的毕业率稍高于50%。因此B项与对话内容相符,故为正确答案。

8.D

【听前预测】两项内容与某个群体自身的情况有关(college degrees do not count much与have little interest in academic work);两项内容与学校的相关管理有关(schools do not deem it a serious problem与coaches lack the incentive)。

结论:该题考查的内容可能与某个群体处于某一情况的原因相关。听音时要留意与选项所提到的内容相关的句子。

【解析】对话结尾处男士提到Coaches do not necessarily have the incentive to graduate players.(教练未必有动力去帮助运动员顺利毕业。)D项与对话内容相符,故为正确答案。

Section B

Passage One

【听力原文】

[9]America's holiday shopping season starts on Black Friday, the day after Thanksgiving. It is the busiest shopping day of the year. Retailers make the most money this time of year, about 20 to 30 percent of annual revenue. About 136 million people will shop during the Thanksgiving holiday weekend. More and more will shop online. In an era of instant information, shoppers can use their mobile phones to find deals.[10]About 183.8 million people will shop on Cyber Monday, the first Monday after Thanksgiving. More than half of all holiday purchases will be made online. One in five Americans will use a tablet or smartphone. Online spending on black Friday will rise 15 percent to hit 2.7 billion dollars this year. Cyber Monday spending will increase 12 percent to 3 billion dollars.

For many, shopping online was “a more comfortable alternative” than crowded malls. The shift to online shopping has had a big impact on traditional shopping malls. Since 2010, more than 24 shopping malls have closed and an additional 60 are struggling.[11]However, Fortune says the weakest of the malls have closed. The sector is thriving again. The International Council of Shopping Centers said 94.2 percent of malls were full, or occupied with shops by the end of 2014. That is the highest level in 27 years.[12]Economist, Gus Faucher, said lower unemployment and rising wages could give Americans more money to spend. The average American consumer will spend about 805 dollars on gifts. That's about 630.5 billion dollars between November and December, an increase of 3.7 percent from last year.

9.What is the speaker mainly talking about?

10.How many people will shop on Cyber Monday?

11.What does Fortune say about traditional shopping malls?

12.What is said to account for the increase number of shoppers?

【整体预测】

快速浏览本部分的所有选项,根据online stores, shopping malls, holiday shopping, holiday shoppers, customers等关键词汇可大致推断本文内容与购物有关,可能涉及网络购物或实体店购物,也可能涉及消费者的购物习惯。听音时需特别注意相关的内容,注重对短文细节信息的提取。

9.D

【解题思路】四项都是名词性短语;两项含有shopping,一项含有stores。

结论:本题很可能以what提问,考查的内容可能与购物有关。听音时应将重点放在四个选项的关键信息上(online stores, marketing strategies, shopping malls, holiday shopping)。

【解析】题目问的是讲话者主要谈论了什么。短文开头说,美国的假日购物季开始于“黑色星期五”,也就是感恩节之后的那一天,这是全年最繁忙的购物日。后面的内容都围绕这个主题展开,因此本题答案选D。C项是短文中提到的细节内容;A项与B项在文中均未提及,因此均排除。

10.B

【解题思路】两项含有具体数字,两项含有百分比,两项含有holiday shoppers。

结论:本题很可能以how many提问,考查的内容可能与假日购物者的数量有关。听音时应将重点放在四个选项的数字信息上。

【解析】题目问的是有多少人会在“网络星期一”购物。本篇短文中提供了很多数据,听音时应留意各种数据与什么相关。短文前半部分提到了Cyber Monday,具体语句是:About 183.8 million people will shop on Cyber Monday, the first Monday after Thanksgiving. 由此可知选项B正确。

11.D

【解题思路】四项都是陈述句,都以they开头,描述的都是they的发展状况;两项含有customers,两项含有消极意义的表述(hard to survive, have fewer customers)。

结论:本题考查的内容可能与they的发展状况有关。听音时应首先判断they的指代对象,并将听音重点放在四个选项的关键信息上(appeal to elderly customers, hard to survive, have fewer customers, thriving once more)。

【解析】题目问的是关于传统的购物中心,《财富》杂志说了什么。短文后半部分提到了《财富》杂志,具体语句是:However, Fortune says the weakest of the malls have closed. The sector is thriving again. 也就是说,《财富》杂志认为经营状况最差的购物中心已经关门了,这个产业又兴旺起来了。因此本题答案选D。选项中的once more与短文中的again是同义转述,thriving属于短文中的原词复现。

12.A

【解题思路】四项都是名词性短语,都是采用比较级来表述并且都含有积极意义。

结论:本题考查的内容可能是促进某事物出现或发展的原因。听音时应将重点放在四个选项的关键信息上(employment and wages, consumer goods, varieties of commodities, leisure time)。

【解析】题目问的是文中提到引起购物者数量增加的原因是什么。短文主要谈论的是美国假日购物季的消费情况,并提到网络购物的兴盛,其中提到很多数据。短文的最后才给出了出现这种现象的原因:Economist, Gus Faucher, said lower unemployment and rising wages could give Americans more money to spend. 也就是说,是失业率的降低和工资水平的提高让美国人有了更多的钱去消费,因此答案选A。


Passage Two

【听力原文】

For years, many of us have relied on antibiotic use to treat various infections. And the reality is that antibiotics have been responsible for saving millions of lives since penicillin, one of the earliest antibiotics who's first used on a clinical basis 70 years ago. However, today is a new era in which taking antibiotics can cause some very dangerous and potentially life-threatening situations.[13]In fact, you may have heard about the new superbugs which are antibiotic-resistant bacteria that have developed as a result of overprescribed antibiotics. In the past, health experts warned us that the day would come in which it would become very difficult to provide medical care for even common problems, such as lung infection or severe sore throat.[14]And apparently that day has come, because seemingly routine operations such as knee replacements are now much more hazardous due to the looming threat of these infections. The problem has grown into such epidemic proportions that this severe strain of resistant bacteria is being blamed for nearly 700,000 deaths each year throughout the world. And unfortunately, health experts worry that the number will rise to 10 million or more on a yearly basis by 2050. With such a large life-threatening epidemic, it is sad to say that only 1.2 percent of budgetary money for the National Institutes of Health is currently being spent on research to tackle this problem.[15]This is a far cry from the funds necessary for a problem of such magnitude.

13.What do we learn about the superbugs?

14.What is the result of the overuse of antibiotics?

15.What is most urgently needed for tackling the large life-threatening epidemic, according to the speaker?

【整体预测】

快速浏览本部分的所有选项,根据life-threatening diseases, antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, operations, infections等关键词汇可大致推断本文内容与疾病及其治疗有关,可能涉及抗生素的使用,也可能涉及手术治疗。听音时需特别注意相关的内容,注重对短文细节信息的提取。

13.D

【解题思路】四项都以they开头,they具体指代什么,四个选项说法均不同。

结论:本题很可能以what提问,考查they的指代对象。听音时应注意判断they的指代对象,并将重点放在四个选项的关键信息上(diseases, antibiotics, big insects, antibiotic-resistant bacteria)。

【解析】题目问的是关于超级细菌,我们得知什么。短文中间部分提到,事实上,你可能已经听说了新的超级细菌(you may have heard about the new superbugs),这是一种抗药性细菌(which are antibiotic-resistant bacteria),是由于过度使用抗生素产生的(that have developed as a result of overprescribed antibiotics)。由此可知,超级细菌是一种抗药性细菌,选项D正确。

14.A

【解题思路】四项都是陈述句,都是含有消极意义的结果或现状。

结论:本题很可能以what提问,考查某种事物产生的不良结果。听音时应将重点放在四个选项的关键信息上(operations...complex, tax money...wasted, infections...no longer curable, Antibiotics...short supply)。

【解析】题目问的是过度使用抗生素会产生什么后果。短文中间部分提到,过度使用抗生素会产生新的超级细菌,即抗药性细菌,而这种细菌的产生会使得一些常见的疾病治疗起来变得非常困难。由于存在可能被这些抗药性细菌感染的潜在威胁,像全膝关节置换术这样的常规手术变得危险多了,因此A项“常规手术已经变得复杂”正确。

15.A

【解题思路】四项都是单个的名词。

结论:本题很可能考查做某事需要的东西。听音时应留意与四个选项相关的信息。

【解析】题目问的是讲话者认为,要对付这种危及生命的大规模爆发的流行病最急需的是什么。短文最后提到,面对如此大规模爆发的一种危及生命的流行病,美国国立卫生研究院目前仅有1.2%的预算资金被投入到解决这一问题的研究中,而要解决如此重要的问题,需要的资金远比这笔预算资金要多得多。因此答案选A。

Section C

Recording One

【听力原文】

This is the reason you are here in a university. You are here to be educated.[16]You are here to understand thinking better and to think better yourself. It's not a chance you are going to have throughout your lifetime. For the next few years, you have a chance to focus on thinking. I think about some of the students who took advantage of their opportunities in a university. One of the stories I always like to tell is about a freshman seminar that I had a chance to teach at Harvard when I was President of the university. I taught a seminar on globalization and I assigned a reading that I had written about global capital flows. And as I did each week, I asked one of the students to introduce the readings. And this younger man in October of his freshman year said something like the following, “The reading by President Simons on the flow of capital across countries, it was kind of interesting, but the data did not come close to supporting the conclusions.” And I thought to myself, “What a fantastic thing this was!” How could somebody who had been there for five weeks tell the person who had the title President that he didn't really know what he was talking about? And it was a special moment.

Now, I don't want to be misunderstood. I explained to my student that I actually thought he was rather more confused than I was, and I argued back. But what was really important about that was the universities stand out as places that really are about the authority of ideas.[17]You see it in faculty members who are pleased when their students make a discovery that undermines a cherished theory that they had put forward.

I think of another student I had who came to me one morning, one evening actually, walked into my office and said that I had written a pretty good paper, but that it had five important mistakes and that he wanted a job.[18]You could debate whether they actually were mistakes, but you couldn't debate that young man's hunger to learn. You could not debate that that young man was someone who wanted to make a difference in economics and he is today a professor of economics and his works are more cited as an economist than any other economist in the world.

16.What does the speaker say about a university?

17.What do we learn from the speaker's stories about universities?

18.What does the speaker see in the young man who challenged his paper?

【整体预测】

根据选项中重复出现的students以及learning process, academic democracy, knowledge等关键词可以大致推断,本篇讲话可能与学生学习知识的过程有关。

16.A

【解题思路】四项都以it开头,听音时需注意判断it的指代对象;三项提到了某类人(students, the talented, eminent scholars),描述的都是it与某类人的关系。

【解析】本题问讲话者说了关于大学的什么信息。根据讲话内容可知,讲话者曾是哈佛大学的校长,他一开始就提到了读大学的原因:学生来上大学是为了更好地理解思维方式,能提升自己的思考能力。选项A“大学提升学生的思考能力”是对原文内容的同义转述,故为答案。讲话中提到通过上大学来提升思考能力的机会并不是一生都有的,而不是选项C所说的“大学开启了终生的学习过程”;选项B和选项D讲话中没有提及,故其余三项均可排除。

17.D

【解题思路】四项都以they开头,且都是描述they的某种积极影响,听音时需注意判断they的指代对象,然后结合选项做出判断。

【解析】本题问从讲话者所讲的有关大学的故事中我们可以了解到什么信息。讲话者首先提到在他教过的一堂研讨课上,一名学生质疑他所写的一篇文章;后来又提到另外一名学生曾亲自去找他,指出了他论文中的错误,这些都表明学生敢于质疑校长这样的权威人物。讲话中还提到,学生的发现如果动摇了老师之前提出的被珍视的理论,老师们也会很高兴。故从这些故事中可以知道大学鼓励学术民主,故选D。

18.B

【解题思路】四项都以his开头,关键词分别是eagerness, thirst, potential, contempt。本题考查与某位男士相关的信息,听音时需注意对相关细节信息的提取。

【解析】本题问讲话者在质疑其论文的那位年轻人身上看到了什么。题目中问的这名年轻人是讲话者提到的第二名学生,他指出了讲话者论文中的几处错误。讲话者认为,可以与学生争论论文中是否确实有错,但不能打击他求知若渴的心。也就是说,这名学生非常热爱学习,故选B。其余三项讲话中均未提及,故排除。

Recording Two

【听力原文】

[19]Psychological research shows we consistently underestimate our mental powers. If you think this does not apply to you, then here is a simple test to show you're wrong. Write down the names of all the American states you can remember. Put the list away, and then set yourself the same task a week later. Provided you have not cheated by consulting an atlas, you will notice something rather surprising.[20]The two lists will contain roughly the same number of states, but they will not be identical. Some names will have slipped away, but others will have replaced them. This suggests that somewhere in your mind you may well have a record of virtually every state. So it is not really your memory letting you down, just your ability to retrieve information from it. We would remember a lot more if we had more confidence in our memories and knew how to use them properly.

One useful tip is that things are more likely to be remembered if you are in exactly the same state and place as you were when you learn them. So if you are a student who always reviews over black coffee, perhaps it would be sensible to prime yourself with a cup before the exam.[21]If possible, you should also try to learn information in the room where it is going to be tested.

When you learn is also important. Lots of people swear they can absorb new information more efficiently at some times of the day than at others. Research shows this is not just imagination. There is a biological rhythm for learning. Though it affects different people in different ways, for most of us, the best plan is to take in new information in the morning, and then try to consolidate it into memory during the afternoon. But this does not apply to everyone, so it is essential to establish your own rhythm.[22]You can do this by learning a set number of lines of poetry at different times of the day, and see when most lines stick. When you have done this, try to organize your life so that the time set aside for learning coincides with the time when your memory is at its best.

Avoid learning marathons. They do not make the best use of your mind. Take plenty of breaks, because they offer a double bonus. The time off gives your mind a chance to do some preliminary consolidation, and it also gives a memory boost to the learning.

19.What does the simple test suggest?

20.What do we learn about the two lists in the test?

21.What does the speaker suggest about preparing for and taking an exam?

22.What tip does the speaker give on learning?

【整体预测】

快速浏览本部分各题选项,由19题的mental powers, memory,21题的choosing your answers, exam, tested和22题的learn, time of study可以大致推断,本篇讲话内容与人的大脑记忆能力有关,还提及了参加考试和学习时间的安排等内容。

19.A

【解题思路】四项主语都是people,都提及了与智力或记忆力有关的内容。

【解析】本题问讲话中提到的简单测试表明了什么。讲话开头就提到,心理研究表明,我们总是会低估自己的智力。如果你觉得自己身上不存在这种情况,那么一项简单的测试会证明你的想法是错误的。也就是说,这项测试被用来证明人们总是低估自己的智力这一事实。故选A。选项B与讲话内容相反;选项C讲话中没有提及;这项测试的结果表明,不是记忆力而是检索信息的能力使受试者可以两次写下的州名字不一样,但数量却一样,所以选项D说法与此不符,故其余三项均可排除。

20.C

【解题思路】四项都以they开头,听音时需注意判断they的指代对象;三项提到states,分析各选项内容可知,they可能指的是州名单。

【解析】本题问关于测试中提到的两份州名单,我们了解到什么信息。受试者两次写下的州名数量大致一样,但内容不完全相同。选项C是对原文内容的同义转述,故为答案。选项A和D讲话中没有提及;讲话中虽然提到了atlas,但指的是受试者在不查阅地图集的前提下参加测试,而不是选项B所说的受试者写下的州名和地图集中的完全一样,故排除。

21.B

【解题思路】四项都是动名词短语,本题考查某种动作或建议;根据选项中的choosing your answers, exam, tested可知,本题考查内容与准备或参加考试有关。

【解析】本题问关于准备和参加考试,作者提了什么建议。关于准备和参加考试,讲话者提到,如果可以的话,我们应该设法在将成为考场的地方学习功课。这与选项B的说法相符。其余三项讲话中均未提及,故排除。

22.C

【解题思路】四项都是动词短语,本题考查某种动作或建议;两项提到了与学习有关的内容(learn, time of study)。

【解析】本题问关于学习,讲话者给出了什么建议。讲话者提到,学习时间很重要,研究表明,学习是有生物节律的,对大多数人来说,早上学习新知识的记忆效果最好。接着又说,并不是每个人都如此,我们可以试着在一天当中的不同时间学习同样数量的诗行,然后看看自己在什么时候记住的诗行最多。选项C意为“发现我们什么时候的学习效果最佳”,与讲话内容相符,故为答案。其余三项均与讲话内容不符,故排除。

Recording Three

【听力原文】

Hello, today I'm going to talk about poverty. Poverty has become a critical issue in today's world.[23]It concerns not only us sociologists, but also economists, politicians and business people. Poverty has been understood in many different ways. One useful way is to distinguish between three degrees of poverty: extreme poverty, moderate poverty, and relative poverty. The first type of poverty is extreme poverty; it's also called absolute poverty. In extreme poverty, households cannot meet basic needs for survival. People are chronically hungry. They are unable to access safe drinking water, let alone health care. They cannot afford education for their children. In short, people who live in extreme poverty do not have even the minimum resources to support themselves and their families.[24]Where does extreme poverty occur? Well, you can find it only in developing countries.

Well, what about moderate poverty? Unlike extreme poverty, moderate poverty generally refers to conditions of life in which basic needs are met but barely. People living in moderate poverty have the resources to keep themselves alive, but only at a very basic level. For example, they may have access to drinking water, but not clean, safe drinking water. They may have a home to shelter themselves, but it does not have power supply, a telephone or plumbing.

The third kind of poverty is relative poverty. Relative poverty is generally considered to be a household income level, which is below a given proportion of average family income. The relatively poor live in high-income countries, but they do not have a high income themselves. The method of calculating the poverty line is different from country to country, but we can say that basically a family living in relative poverty has less than a percentage of the average family income. For example,[25]in the United Sates, a family can be considered poor if their income is less than 50% of the national average family income. They can meet their basic needs, but they lack access to cultural guts, entertainment and recreation. They also do not have access to quality health care, or other prerequisites for upward social mobility.

Well, I have briefly explained to you how poverty can be distinguished as extreme poverty, moderate poverty, and relative poverty. We should keep these distinctions in mind when we research people's living conditions, either in the developing or the developed world.

23.What does the speaker do?

24.Where does the speaker say we can find extreme poverty?

25.What do we learn about American people living in relative poverty?

【整体预测】

快速浏览本部分各个选项,根据slums, developing countries, basic needs, income, health care等关键词可知,本篇讲座内容可能与人们的经济收入或生活基本需求有关,并涉及发展中国家。

23.B

【解题思路】四个选项均是以he开头的陈述句,陈述了四种不同的身份或职业,由此可知该题考查he的身份或职业。听录音时,需要确认he的指代对象。

【解析】本题考查讲话者的职业。讲座开头,讲话者提到,贫穷已经成为当今世界的一个关键问题,它不仅关系到我们社会学家,还关系到经济学家、政治家和商业人士。根据us sociologists可知,讲话者的职业是社会学家,故本题选B。

24.C

【解题思路】四个选项均为介词短语,表明了四种地点,可推测本题考查的内容与地点有关。各项关键词汇分别为:slums, Africa, developing countries, pre-industrial societies。听音时应将重点放在与各个选项的关键词汇相关的内容上。

【解析】本题问哪里存在极端贫困现象。讲话者在讲座中间部分提到:“你只能在发展中国家发现极端贫困的现象。”故本题选C。其他三项讲座中均未提及,故排除。

25.C

【解题思路】四个选项都是陈述性语气,推断本题考查某种客观事实;由各选项中的关键词汇cannot afford...to private schools, work extra hours...basic needs..., less than 50%...average...income, no access to health care可知,本题考查的内容可能涉及人们的基本生活需求及收入情况。听音时要注意对讲座内容细节信息的提取。

【解析】本题考查相对贫困的美国人的相关情况。讲话者在讲座后半部分提到,在美国,如果一个家庭的收入比全国家庭平均收入低50%,则可以被视为相对贫困。故本题选C。讲话者在下文中提到,相对贫穷的人可以满足基本生活需求,并没有说他们要靠加班来满足基本生活需求,故排除B。讲话者在讲座前半部分介绍极端贫困时提到,生活在极端贫困状态下的人们无法负担孩子的教育费用。故排除选项A。讲话者说,相对贫困的人无法享受很多其他的东西,比如高质量的医保,而D项说他们无法享受医保,属于过度推理,故排除。

Part III Reading Comprehension

Section A

【参考译文】

20.3年,米奇·丹尼尔斯就任普渡大学校长后,要求全体教员证明他们的学生事实上已经实现了高等教育最重要的目标之一——拥有批判性思维能力。两年前,一项针对全国大学毕业生的研究表明,超过三分之一的毕业生在大学期间并没有在这种思维能力方面取得[26]显著成绩。丹尼尔斯先生需要向学生及其家人[27]证明,学生们花高额费用来普渡大学学习是物有所值的。毕竟,在过去的五六年间,声称大学学历“很重要”的美国人所占的比例已经[28]大幅度下降了。

目前,普渡大学进行了一项小规模测试,以评估学生的批判性思维能力。然而,和美国许多其他大学教师一样,普渡大学的教师对此表示[29]怀疑:他们作为教员的工作是否可以由诸如毕业生的调查和推理能力这样的“学习[30]成果”来衡量?然而,教授们不必如此担忧。最近一项实验的结果表明,教授们可以使用[31]标准化衡量方法来衡量学生在三个关键领域的表现:批判性思维、书面沟通和数理能力。

尽管这项实验取得了成功,实际的研究结果却令人担忧,而且大部分都[32]验证了此前的研究。该实验的组织者得出结论:相比于书面沟通或数理能力,在批判性思维能力方面达到高水平的学生少之又少。而且,这一研究结论仅基于即将毕业的学生。

尽管其教学卓越性在全球享有[33]声誉,美国的大学也才刚刚开始向世人展示在实际生活学习方面它们能够培养出什么样的人才。以知识为基础的学位依然很重要,但是雇主们现在[34]要求大学毕业生有高水平的思考能力。如果可以[35]精确地衡量大学学历的智力价值,将会有更多的人追求高等教育——成为更加善于思考的人。

【答案解析】

26.L)significant

语法判断:空格前是had made no,空格后是名词gains,由此可知,空格处应填入形容词或分词,充当gains的定语,符合语法条件的形容词或分词选项有:demanding(要求高的)、doubtful(怀疑的)、monopolized(垄断的)、presuming(冒昧的)、significant(显著的;重大的)和standardized(标准化的)。

语义判断:文章开头指出,2013年,米奇·丹尼尔斯就任普渡大学校长后,要求全体教员证明他们的学生事实上已经实现了高等教育最重要的目标之一——拥有批判性思维能力,而接下来文章引入了两年前的一项研究,句中的had made no ______ gains表示否定含义,将符合语法条件的备选项一一代入原文可知,significant符合语境,即“没有取得显著的成绩”,故本题应选L。

27.F)justify

语法判断:空格前是needed to,空格后是名词短语the high cost of...,由此可知,空格处应填入动词原形,构成need to do sth.的结构。符合语法条件的动词原形选项有:confirm(确认,肯定)、justify(证明……有道理)和signify(表示)。

语义判断:结合上题的分析,由文章首句提到的普渡大学校长新官上任的举措及后文the high cost of attending Purdue(学生们花高额费用来普渡大学学习)可知,此处是说,普渡大学校长需要向学生及其家人“证明”他们花高额费用来普渡大学学习是物有所值的,故本题应选F。

28.E)drastically

语法判断:空格前是现在完成时的谓语has fallen,空格后是充当时间状语的介词短语in the last 5~6 years,由此可知,空格处应填入一个表示程度的副词,修饰谓语动词fallen。符合语法条件的副词选项有:accurately(精确地)、drastically(急剧地,大幅度地)和simultaneously(同时地)。

语义判断:前文提到,两年前,一项针对全国大学毕业生的研究表明,超过三分之一的毕业生在大学期间并没有在这种思维能力方面取得显著成绩。结合本句句首的after all(毕竟)可知,本句应指,在过去的五六年间,声称大学学历“很重要”的美国人所占的比例已经“大幅度”下降了,drastically符合语境,故本题应选E。

29.D)doubtful

语法判断:空格前是系动词remain,空格后是that引导的从句,由此可知,空格处应填入一个形容词或分词,构成系表结构。符合语法条件的形容词或分词备选项还有:demanding、doubtful、monopolized、presuming和standardized。

语义判断:前文提到的“然而,和美国许多其他大学教师一样”表示转折关系,由此可知,此处是说普渡大学的教师也对此表示“怀疑”,doubtful符合此处语境,故本题应选D。

30.H)outcome

语法判断:空格前是learning,空格后是固定短语such as,表示列举,又由such as后面列举的内容是名词性内容(ability)可知,空格处应填入一个名词。符合语法条件的名词选项有:outcome(结果,效果)、predominance(主导地位)和reputation(声誉,名誉)。

语义判断:此处提到了普渡大学教师们的疑虑:他们作为教员的工作是否可以由诸如毕业生的调查及推理能力这样的“学习______”来衡量?将三个备选项代入原文可知,outcome符合语境,故本题应选H。

31.O)standardized

语法判断:空格前是谓语can use,空格后是名词metrics,由此可知,空格处应填入修饰性成分,充当metrics的定语,故应填入形容词或分词,符合语法条件的备选形容词或分词还剩下:demanding、monopolized、presuming和standardized。

语义判断:前文提到,然而,教授们不必如此担忧,由此可知,此处提到的实验结果应该是对教授有利的。教师们担心衡量标准不合理,故此处是说,教授们可以使用“标准化”衡量方法来衡量学生在三个关键领域的表现:批判性思维、书面沟通和数理能力。standardized符合语境,故本题应选O。

32.B)confirm

语法判断:空格前是and mostly,空格后是名词短语earlier studies,由此可知,此处应填入一个动词,与earlier studies构成动宾搭配,被副词mostly修饰,且与前面的系动词are构成并列关系。符合语法条件的动词选项还剩下confirm和signify。

语义判断:前文提到,尽管这项实验取得了成功,实际的研究结果却令人担忧,由此推断,此处是说,大部分都“验证了”此前的研究,confirm符合语境,故本题应选B。

33.K)reputation

语法判断:空格前是despite their global,空格后是介词短语for excellence in teaching,由此可知,空格处应填入名词,充当介词despite的宾语。符合语法条件的名词选项还剩下predominance和reputation。

语义判断:由本句的主体部分“美国的大学也才刚刚开始向世人展示在实际生活学习方面它们能够培养出什么样的人才”可知,despite表示的让步转折应指,尽管其教学卓越性在全球享有声誉,reputation符合此处语境,故本题应选K。

34.C)demanding

语法判断:空格前是but employers are,空格后是advanced thinking skills from college graduates,由此可知,空格处应填入现在分词,与are一起构成现在进行时。符合语法条件的现在分词选项有demanding(要求)和presuming(假定)。

语义判断:此处指出,以知识为基础的学位依然很重要,但是雇主们现在______大学毕业生有高水平的思考能力,将demanding(要求)代入原文可知,符合此处语境,即“要求毕业生有高水平的思考能力”,故本题应选C。

35.A)accurately

语法判断:空格前是can be,空格后是过去分词measured,由此可知,空格处应填入一个副词,修饰过去分词measured。符合语法条件的副词还剩下accurately和simultaneously。

语义判断:此处指出,如果可以______衡量大学学历的智力价值,将会有更多的人追求高等教育——成为更加善于思考的人。将accurately(精确地)代入原文,符合语境,故本题应选A。

Section B

【参考译文】

油价与碳价

A) 化石燃料很可能会保持“长期低价”。尽管可再生燃料能源开发近来取得了重大进展,但是较低的化石燃料价格会阻碍在清洁能源技术方面的进一步创新和使用清洁能源技术的积极性。[41]其结果是二氧化碳和其他温室气体的排放量将进一步增加。

B) 决策者们不应让低油价阻碍向清洁能源过渡的进程。[45]政府急需采取行动恢复恰当的价格激励机制,尤其是通过矫正碳价,以降低气候变化造成不可逆转的、潜在的灾难性影响的几率。这种办法还能够带来财政收益。

C) 自2014年6月以来,油价的下跌幅度超过了60%。石油行业普遍认为,“解决低油价问题最好的办法就是低油价。”这种说法背后的缘由是,低油价会打消投资新产能的积极性,而现有油田虽然在以相对较低的边际成本开采,但是它们总有开采殆尽的那一天,因而最终会导致石油供应曲线下行,石油价格回升。事实上,这与历史经验规律相符,很多石油生产国的石油产业的资本支出大幅减少,包括美国。然而,此次低油价的动态调整可能与以往不同。

D) 低油价预计会持续更长的时间。新技术的出现每天为原油市场增加约420万桶的供应量,这是国际原油供应过剩的原因之一。除此之外,其他一些因素也构成了油价下跌的压力:石油输出国组织战略行为调整,伊朗石油出口量的计划增长,全球石油需求减少(尤其是新兴市场的需求),美国长期的石油消费量下降,以及石油被其他一些替代性能源所取代。[36]以上这些是低油价可能会持续很长时间的因素,和页岩油产量增加一样,都表明石油价格持续走低的态势。从期货行情来看,到2019年,油价只会小幅上涨至约每桶60美元,这也印证了石油价格会持续走低这一观点。

E) 天然气和煤炭——同样也是化石燃料——也经历了类似的会持续很长时间的价格下跌。煤炭和天然气是发电的主要原料,而石油则是运输的主要动力来源,但所有这些能源的价格是息息相关的。北美页岩气开发的蓬勃发展导致能源价格跌至史上新低。新近在埃及海域发现的大型天然气田Zohr终将对地中海地区和欧洲的能源价格造成影响,而且很多其他地区也有极大的开发潜力,尤其是阿根廷。[39]由于供应过剩和需求减少,特别是消耗全球一半煤炭产量的中国对煤炭的需求减少,同样使得煤炭价格很低。

F) 技术创新使得诸如风能、水能、太阳能和地热能等可再生能源的力量得以展现。[43]甚至是非洲和中东地区——极度依赖化石燃料出口的经济体云集之地,也都极具潜力开发可再生能源。例如,阿拉伯联合酋长国设定了一个宏大的目标:到2021年,阿拉伯联合酋长国的主要能源消耗将有24%来自于可再生能源。

G) 然而,如果化石燃料价格长期持续走低,在可再生能源方面所取得的进步就会变得不堪一击。[42]可再生能源在全球主要能源消耗中只占很小的比例,主要能源仍然是化石燃料——煤炭和石油各占30%,天然气占25%。但是在将来,为了规避无法承受的气候风险,可再生能源必须在更大程度上替代化石燃料。

H) 不幸的是,当前较低的石油、天然气和煤炭价格可能无法为研究人员寻找更便宜的替代性能源提供充足的动力。[40]有充分的证据表明,化石燃料价格更高则会强力推动清洁能源技术的创新和使用。在探索减少化石燃料碳排放量的新技术方面,情况也是如此。

I) 因此,当前较低的化石燃料价格形势一定会放缓从化石燃料过渡到清洁能源的进程。除非可再生能源变得足够廉价,足以使大量碳沉积物即使不会永远留在地底下也会长时间埋在地下,否则地球就会面临潜在的灾难性的气候风险。

J) 某些气候影响可能已经表现出来了。[38]例如,据联合国儿童基金会估计,由于受到几十年以来最为强烈的厄尔尼诺天气现象影响,大约1100万非洲儿童面临着饥饿、疾病和用水短缺问题。许多科学家认为,因为气候变化,太平洋海水温度增高所导致的厄尔尼诺现象会日益加剧。

K) 世界各国的领导人齐聚巴黎参加第21届联合国气候变化大会,目标就是在减少温室气体排放方面达成普遍的、具有潜在法律约束力的协议。如果各国不考虑其碳排放会对世界上其他国家产生的负面影响,那么就会引发全球性的灾难,我们必须广泛参与才能全面地应对这样的灾难。此外,拒绝参与进来的非缔约国如果大量广泛存在,也会削弱缔约国采取行动的政治意愿。

L) 参加第21届联合国气候变化大会的国家关注的重点在于量化减排承诺。[37]经济分析表明,对于各国来说,成本最低的方式是给碳排放定价。原因在于,一旦对碳定价,那些成本最低的减排措施会首先得以采用。根据国际货币基金组织的预测,通过取消化石燃料补贴和根据碳排放量对国内造成的危害征收碳排放费,国家能够产生大量的财政收入。对碳源头征税是对碳排放收费的一种较为简单的方式,尽管有些国家可能希望采用其他的办法,比如碳排放交易计划。为了将全球利益最大化,每个国家制定的碳价不应该只是单纯地考虑到碳排放对本国造成的危害,还应该考虑到对其他国家造成的危害。

M) 因此,制定合理的碳价将会有效地使碳使用者支付的成本和使用碳的真正社会机会成本相匹配。通过提升对清洁能源的相对需求,碳价还有助于使清洁能源创新的市场回报和其社会回报相一致,促进现有技术的改良和新技术的开发。它还能增加对碳开发和储存等技术的需求,促进这些技术的进一步发展。如果不通过合适的碳价来加以矫正,较低的化石燃料价格就会向市场发出错误的信号,使得清洁能源无法展现其真正的社会效益。虽然对碳排放的危害做出的其他估算结果各异,而且想要对有可能会发生的灾难性气候事件的损失做出合理的估算也极其困难,但是大多数估算结果都表明碳排放会产生大量的负面效应。

N) 有一些国家的政府已经采取了直接补贴研发的措施,但是这种替代碳价的做法收效甚微:各种补贴只是起到了一部分作用,而保留了对过度使用化石燃料的市场激励机制,从而在没有考虑附带成本的情况下导致大气中温室气体含量增加。

O) 希望第21届联合国气候变化大会的成功举办能够为未来达成碳价方面的国际协议创造条件。对国际碳价下限达成一致意见将会是该进程的一个良好开端。[44]然而,如果我们不能全面应对温室气体排放问题,就会使当代人甚至未来世世代代的人都面临难以估量的风险。

【答案解析】

36.D

解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息A number of factors和not just for now。文章段落中论及油价下跌有诸多原因且油价会持续走低的内容出现在D段。该段倒数第二句指出,以上这些是低油价可能会持续很长时间的因素,和页岩油产量增加一样,都表明石油价格持续走低的态势。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的factors对应原文中的forces;题干中的not just for now对应原文中的for long。

37.L

解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息Pricing carbon和the most economical way。文章段落中论及给碳定价和减排温室气体最经济的做法的内容出现在L段。该段第二句指出,经济分析表明,对于各国来说,成本最低的方式是给碳排放定价。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的the most economical对应原文中的the least expensive。

38.J

解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息extreme weather conditions和millions of African children。文章段落中论及极端天气危及数百万非洲儿童生活的内容出现在J段。该段第二句指出,例如,据联合国儿童基金会估计,由于受到几十年以来最为强烈的厄尔尼诺天气现象影响,大约1100万非洲儿童面临着饥饿、疾病和用水短缺问题。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的It is estimated对应原文中的estimates;题干中的endangered the lives对应原文中的face hunger, disease, and water shortages。endanger为动词,意为“危及,危害;使遭到危险”。

39.E

解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息coal和over-supply and decreasing demand。文章段落中论及煤炭价格走低的原因的内容出现在E段。该段最后一句指出,由于供应过剩和需求减少,特别是消耗全球一半煤炭产量的中国对煤炭的需求减少,同样使得煤炭价格很低。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的as a result of对应原文中的owing to;题干中的decreasing对应原文中的scaling-down。

40.H

解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息Higher fossil fuel prices和innovation and application of cleaner technology。文章段落中论及较高的化石燃料价格与清洁能源创新和使用相关的内容出现在H段。该段第二句指出,有充分的证据表明,化石燃料价格更高则会强力推动清洁能源技术的创新和使用。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的conducive对应原文中的encouraged;题干中的application对应原文中的adoption。conducive意为“有益的,有助于……的”。

41.A

解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息lead to higher emissions of greenhouse gases。文章段落中论及化石燃料价格持续走低会导致温室气体排放量增加的内容出现在A段。该段首句提到化石燃料的价格很可能会保持“长期低价”,随后该段最后一句指出,其结果是二氧化碳和其他温室气体的排放量将进一步增加。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的lead to对应原文中的result。

42.G

解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息major source of primary energy consumption。文章段落中论及当下能源消耗的主要来源的内容出现在G段。该段第二句指出,可再生能源在全球主要能源消耗中只占很小的比例,主要能源仍然是化石燃料——煤炭和石油各占30%,天然气占25%。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的major对应原文中的dominated;题干中的primary energy consumption属于原词重现。

43.F

解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息major fossil fuel exporting countries和great potential。文章段落中论及石油出口大国在开发可再生能源方面也极具潜力的内容出现在F段。该段第二句指出,甚至是非洲和中东地区——极度依赖化石燃料出口的经济体云集之地,也都极具潜力开发可再生能源。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的major fossil fuel exporting countries对应原文中的economies that heavily dependent on fossil fuel exports;题干中的great对应原文中的enormous。

44.O

解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息if not properly dealt with和endless risks for mankind。文章段落中论及如果温室气体排放问题处理不当会让人类面对巨大风险的内容出现在O段。该段最后一句指出,如果我们不能全面应对温室气体排放问题,就会使当代人甚至未来世世代代的人都面临难以估量的风险。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的dealt with对应原文中的address;题干中的pose endless risks for mankind对应原文中的exposes all generations...to incalculable risks。incalculable意为“不可估量的;极大的”。

45.B

解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息urgent for governments和lessen the catastrophic effects of climate change。文章段落中论及政府需要紧急采取措施降低气候变化的灾难性影响的内容出现在B段。该段第二句指出,政府急需采取行动恢复恰当的价格激励机制,尤其是通过矫正碳价,以降低气候变化造成不可逆转的、潜在的灾难性影响的几率。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的increase the cost of using fuels对应原文中的corrective carbon pricing;题干中的lessen...the effects对应原文中的lower the risk。

Section C

Passage One

【参考译文】

公开的数据共享者在许多领域仍然占少数。[46]尽管许多研究者普遍同意,公众获取原始数据会加速科学发展,[47]但大多数人并不愿意把他们自己的劳动成果公布在网上。

一些团体已经同意在网上共享数据——例如,遗传学家在基因库公布DNA序列;天文学家习惯获取比如斯隆数字巡天望远镜拍摄到的星系和恒星图像,该望远镜观测到了大约5亿个天体——但这些只是例外,不是规则。历史上,科学家们反对共享资源的原因有很多:这包含了大量的工作;至今,还没有好的数据库;资助者并没有一再催促实现数据分享;很难确定格式化数据的标准;就如何给数据分配资金补助还没有达成一致。

[48][49]但这些阻碍正在逐渐消失,部分原因是全世界的期刊和基金资助机构正在鼓励科学家公开他们的数据。去年,伦敦皇家学会在其报告中表示,科学家们需要“从数据被看作是私人独有的研究文化中脱离出来”。基金资助机构指出,用公共资金购买的数据应该是公开的信息,而且科学界正认识到,现在可以用过去不可能的方式,即以数字方式共享数据。为了满足日益增长的需求,一些服务正在涌现,让在线发布研究产品更加简单,并使其他研究人员能够发现并引用它们。

[50]虽然分享数据的诉求经常把焦点放在分享具有的道德优势上,但这种做法并不是纯粹的利他行为。研究人员通过分享可以获得很多个人利益,包括与同事的联系更加密切,提高知名度以及增加数据被引用次数。数据被下载及引用的次数最多的人通常是最成功的共享者——他们得到他人的关注,他们的作品被他人使用。例如,多学科知识库Dryad最受欢迎的一个数据集是关于世界范围内的木材密度;它已被下载了5700次。合著者埃米·赞内认为用户可能包括想估算生物量中碳含量的气候变化研究人员,也包括寻找不同等级的木材信息的林业工作员。她说:“我更希望我的数据能被最多的人使用来提出他们自己的问题。重要的是让读者和评论员准确地看到你是如何得出结果的。公布数据和代码可以使你的科学成果被重复利用。”

即使数据不太受欢迎的研究人员也能受益。通过努力组织和标记文件以便其他人能够理解它们,科学家们变得更有组织性并且自身有更强的自律性,从而避免了以后出现数据混淆。

【论说文:全世界的期刊和基金资助机构正在鼓励科学家公开他们的数据。阻碍研究人员公开数据的因素正在消失。分享数据既有利于使用者,也为分享者带来利益。】

第一至二段:公开的数据共享者在很多领域仍占少数;科学家们曾反对数据分享。

第三段:实现数据共享的阻碍正在消失及其原因。

第四至五段:实现数据分享对研究人员还有数据用户而言都有很大的益处。

【答案解析】

46.D

定位:根据题干的信息many researchers generally accept,可以把答题线索定位到第一段第二句。

解析:第一段第二句指出,尽管许多研究者普遍同意,公众获取原始数据会加速科学发展…… 选项D“公开的数据分享对科学发展有益”是对此的同义转述,故为正确答案。题干中的generally与原文中的broadly是同义替换。其他选项文中均未提及,故排除。

47.A

定位:根据题干的信息attitude of most researchers, making their own data public,可以把答题线索定位到第一段。

解析:第一段最后一句指出,尽管许多研究者普遍同意……但大多数人并不愿意把他们自己的劳动成果公布在网上。也就是他们不同意把自己的研究数据公布在网上,故选A。

48.C

定位:根据题干的信息hinder open data sharing,可以把答题线索定位到第三段。

解析:第三段前两句指出,但这些阻碍正在逐渐消失,部分原因是全世界的期刊和基金资助机构正在鼓励科学家公开他们的数据。去年,伦敦皇家学会在其报告中表示,科学家们需要“从数据被看作是私人独有的研究文化中脱离出来”。也就是说,科学家认为研究数据是私人独有的想法阻碍了公开的数据分享,故选C。题干中的hinder对应原文中的the barriers,选项C中的private intellectual property对应原文中的private preserve。其他选项文中均未提及,故排除。

49.C

定位:根据题干的信息helps lift some of the barriers,可以把答题线索定位到第三段。

解析:第三段第一句指出,但这些阻碍正在逐渐消失,部分原因是全世界的期刊和基金资助机构正在鼓励科学家公开他们的数据。即期刊和资助机构的态度转变使得实现数据共享的阻碍正在消失,这与选项C的说法一致,故选C。题干中的what helps对应原文中的in part because,题干中的lift some of the barriers对应原文中的barriers are disappearing。其他选项文中均未提及,故排除。

50.B

定位:题干中的Dryad出现在第四段,可以把答题线索定位到第四段。

解析:第四段前两句指出,虽然分享数据的诉求经常把焦点放在分享具有的道德优势上,但这种做法并不是纯粹的利他行为。研究人员通过分享可以获得很多个人利益。该段列举了多学科知识库Dryad这个例子,说明研究人员上传的数据集可以被许多用户下载使用,即通过数据分享,研究人员(sharers)和用户(users)都可以获益(benefits)。故选B。其他选项概括不全面或者表述错误,故排除。


Passage Two

【参考译文】

梅西百货公布,其营业一年以上的门店11月和12月的销售额骤降了5.2%,这个令人失望的假日季的表现给这家面临重重挑战的连锁百货商店艰难的一年画上了句号。[51]梅西百货在美国主要城市的旗舰店很大程度上依赖于国际游客的消费,由于美元走强,许多零售店的销售业绩都在缩减。而在此期间,梅西百货仅仅在努力吸引那些对旅游或外出就餐比对新衣服或配饰更感兴趣的消费者们。

该公司将11月和12月的糟糕表现很大程度上归咎于反常的温暖天气。“我们公司销售额近80%的同比下滑可以归因于用来应对寒冷天气的商品的短缺。”梅西百货的首席执行官泰瑞·伦德格伦在一次新闻发布会上说道。这种天气变化也促使该公司下调了整个第四季度的销售业绩预期。

[52]然而,很明显梅西百货认为其问题在于更深的层面,而不仅仅是天气暂时偏离了正常的温度。这家零售业巨头表示,今年糟糕的财务表现促使其开始实施4亿美元的成本削减措施。[53]该公司承诺削减600个后台职位,但这些岗位中约有150名员工将被重新分配到其他岗位。它还计划向165名高管提供“自愿离职”方案。该公司将在其770家门店的职员团队中裁员,此举会影响约3000名雇员。

该零售商还宣布了将在2016年年初关闭的36家门店的地点。该公司此前曾宣布过该关店计划,但当时并没有透露哪些地点的门店会受到影响。任何一家在华盛顿大都会区的连锁店都没有被关闭。

梅西百货一直在积极行动,尝试为这个购物的新时代重塑自己。梅西百货公司计划开设更多的梅西百货折扣商店,这基于一种新完善的销售折扣商品的理念,可能有助于梅西百货更好地与雄心勃勃的T. J. Maxx公司竞争。梅西百货公司还在2016年推进了其去年收购的美妆连锁店Bluemercury的扩张计划。在这个时代,当年轻的美妆顾客们经常转向丝芙兰或者Ulta,而不再是百货商店的美妆柜台时,[54]梅西百货希望Bluemercury能帮助自己巩固在美妆这一领域的地位。

在假日购物季中,梅西百货的一个相对亮点是线上渠道,该渠道的销售额实现了“两位数”增长,且填补了订单数量25%的增长。这一相对强劲的表现将与整个假日购物季早期的广大零售行业的情况相一致。[55]尽管“感恩节”、“黑色星期五”和“网购星期一”期间,线上消费都创下了纪录,但店内销售在假日周末出现了大幅下滑。

【论说文:假日购物季销售额大幅下滑后,为解决所面临的困境,梅西百货公司发表声明称将削减开支、组织裁员、关闭部分门店,同时推进新型折扣商店与美妆店。】

第一段:描述以惨淡的假日购物季业绩结束这一年的销售后,梅西百货公司面临的情况不容乐观。

第二段:梅西百货的首席执行官提出该公司业绩同比下滑的主要原因:受异常温暖天气的影响,用来应对寒冷天气的商品销售额急剧下降。

第三至四段:梅西百货为解决困境而采取了多种措施,其中包括:削减4亿美元的成本、裁员和重新分配岗位、关闭36家门店。

第五段:梅西百货积极行动,力求适应购物新时代。开设新的百货折扣商店,扩张专门的美妆连锁店,以便增强竞争力和巩固美妆领域的地位。

第六段:在假日购物季中,梅西百货的网络渠道销售成为亮点,实现销售额和订单数量双增长。

【答案解析】

51.A

定位:根据题干中的信息词the shrinking spending of international tourists可以将答案线索定位到文章第一段。

解析:作者在文章第一段第二句中提到“梅西百货在美国主要城市的旗舰店很大程度上依赖于国际游客的消费,由于美元走强,许多零售店的销售业绩都在缩减。”由此可知,由于美元不断升值,国际游客的消费额在随之减少,选项A所述内容是对该句的同义转述,故为正确答案。文中并未提及全球经济危机和国际游客对产品兴趣转变的相关信息,故选项B和选项C均排除。作者只提到国际游客对梅西百货零售店的影响,而并没有提到对全美零售业的影响,选项D属于过度推断,故排除。

52.B

定位:根据题干中的信息词Macy's believe和problems可以将答案线索定位到文章第三段,题干中的problems是对原文中troubles的同义转述。

解析:文章第二段提到梅西百货的首席执行官泰瑞·伦德格伦将其公司销售业绩的下滑归因于反常的温暖天气,但第三段开头笔锋一转,提到“然而,很明显梅西百货认为其问题在于更深的层面,而不仅仅是天气暂时偏离了正常的温度。”由此可知,业绩下滑的问题不仅仅起因于温暖的天气,还有其内部的原因,选项B与此内容相符,故为正确答案。该段虽然提及梅西百货裁员,调整人员岗位,但这些只是为了削减成本,并未明确表明该公司认为更好的管理可以解决危机,故排除选项A。文章最后一段提到线上销售渠道成为假日购物季的亮点,并没有提到线上销售有问题,排除选项C。原文并未提及与投资相关的内容,故排除选项D。

53.D

定位:根据题干中的信息词cut costs可以将答案线索定位到文章第三段。

解析:文章第三段第二句提到“今年糟糕的财务表现促使其开始实施4亿美元的成本削减措施。”之后提到了梅西百货为缩减成本支出而进行了各种措施,包括:削减后台岗位、重新分配部分员工岗位、提供高管“自愿离职”方案、门店裁员,以及在第四段提到的关闭36家门店。代入题干,只有选项D描述的方案包含在原文的描述之中,故为正确答案。其他三项均与文章描述不符或未被提及,故均可排除。

54.D

定位:根据题干中的信息词expand Bluemercury可以将答案线索定位到文章第五段。

解析:文章第五段最后一句提到“当年轻的美妆顾客们经常转向丝芙兰或者Ulta,而不再是百货商店的美妆柜台时,梅西百货希望Bluemercury能帮助自己巩固在这美妆一领域的地位。”由此可知,当顾客不再青睐百货店的美妆专柜时,梅西百货扩张Bluemercury美妆店是为了挽回顾客,以巩固在美妆这一领域的地位,即增强其在美妆产品销售中的竞争力,选项D内容与此相符,为正确答案。选项A和选项C提到的内容均与Macy's Backstage,即梅西百货新的折扣商品销售店有关,与Bluemercury美妆店无关,故均可排除。选项B原文中未提及,故排除。

55.A

定位:根据题干中的信息词about Macy's during the holiday season和题文同序的原则,可以把答案线索定位到文章最后一段。

解析:全文开篇即描述了梅西百货在假日购物季令人失望的表现,在下文中分析了该问题产生的原因以及梅西百货为解决困境采取的各种措施,在分析原因时提到了美元升值导致国际游客消费额的缩减,异常温暖的天气导致应对寒冷天气的商品短缺等,在解决措施中提到了门店裁员以及关闭36家店铺等,而这些原因和措施都是针对其实体店的,由此可推测其实体店销售额大幅下滑。而且文章最后也明确提到,假日购物季线上消费创下了纪录,但实体店销售出现了大幅下滑。选项A与此内容描述相符,故为正确答案。文章虽然提到了竞争对手T. J. Maxx,但未对两者的销售额进行对比,排除选项B;Bluemercury是梅西百货收购的公司,文中并没有提及帮助它建立全球地位的相关内容,排除选项C;文章并未提及梅西百货店铺商品的种类,故排除选项D。

Part IV Translation

【参考译文】

The Tang Dynasty, which began in 618 and ended in 907, was the most brilliant era in Chinese history.1 Through nearly three hundred years' development, China in the Tang Dynasty became the most prosperous power around the world, and its capital city Chang'an was the world's largest metropolis at that time.2 During this period, its economy was developed, its business was prosperous, its society was stable and even its borders were open to other countries.3 With urbanization and increase of wealth, art and literature were also thriving.4 Poets Li Bai and Du Fu were famous for their concise and natural works.5 Their poems moved scholars and ordinary people.6 Even nowadays, many of their poems are still widely read and recited by both children and adults.7

【译点精析】

1.唐朝始于618年,终于907年,是中国历史上最灿烂的时期:“始于618年,终于907年”的重要性不如后面的“是中国历史上最灿烂的时期”,因此翻译为补充说明性的内容,用which引导的非限制性定语从句来表达,即which began in 618 and ended in 907;“最灿烂的”翻译为形容词最高级the most brilliant/splendid;“时期”可以翻译为era或period。

2.经过近三百年的发展,唐代中国成为世界上最繁荣的强国,其首都长安是当时世界上最大的都市:“经过近三百年的发展”翻译为Through/After nearly three hundred years' development;“唐代中国”即China in the Tang Dynasty;“最繁荣的”翻译为the most prosperous;“强国”即power;“其首都长安是当时世界上最大的都市”与前面的句子呈并列关系,故用并列连词and连接,“其首都长安”即its capital city Chang'an,“世界上最大的都市”翻译为the world's largest metropolis,“当时”即at that time。

3.这一时期,经济发达、商业繁荣、社会秩序稳定,甚至边境也对外开放:“这一时期”即During this period;“经济发达”翻译为its economy was developed;“商业繁荣”翻译为its business was prosperous;“社会秩序稳定”即“社会稳定”,翻译为its society was stable;“甚至边境也对外开放”翻译为even its borders were open to other countries,注意“对外开放”的英文表达:be open to other countries。

4.随着城市化和财富的增加,艺术和文学也繁荣起来:“随着城市化和财富的增加”用with结构表达,即With urbanization and increase of wealth;“艺术和文学”即art and literature;“也繁荣起来”翻译为were also thriving。

5.李白和杜甫是以作品简洁自然而著称的诗人:“作品简洁自然”可翻译为concise and natural works,其中“简洁”翻译为concise。

6.他们的诗歌打动了学者和普通人的心:“打动”翻译为moved(使……感动);“学者和普通人的心”中“的心”需省译,因为move sb.本身就可以理解为“打动某人的心”,“学者”即scholars,“普通人”即ordinary people。

7.即使在今天,他们的许多诗歌仍广为儿童及成人阅读背诵:“即使在今天”翻译为Even nowadays/now/today;“广”翻译为widely;“为儿童及成人阅读背诵”翻译为被动语态的were read and recited by both children and adults。