Word List 9

contemporary [kənˈtempəreri]

a.当代的(modern)；同时代的(happening, existing, living, or coming into being during the same period of time)；n.同代人(a person who lives or lived at the same time as another)

记  词根记忆：con(一起) + tempor(时间) + ary →同时代的；同代人

例  contemporary society当今社会// Samuel Johnson was Pope's contemporary.

contemptuous [kənˈtemptʃuəs]

a.轻蔑的，傲慢的(disdainful)

记  词根记忆：con + tempt(轻视，引诱) + uous →轻蔑的，傲慢的

例  The author's attitude toward public hospitals can best be described as contemptuous and prejudiced.

contend [kənˈtend]

v. (with)与困难做斗争，应付(to strive against difficulties)；主张(to maintain, assert)

例  Those industries had to contend with the fact that other countries banned imports from the country. // Advocates of loyalty programs contend that such programs are beneficial.

派  contention(n.竞争；论点); contentious(a.有异议的); contestant(n.竞争者)

contiguous [kənˈtɪgjuəs]

a.接近的，接壤的(adjoining)

记  词根记忆：con(共同) + tig(接触) + uous →相互接触→接壤的

例  Minnesota is the only one of the contiguous forty-eight states that still has a sizable wolf population.

contingent [kənˈtɪndʒənt]

a.偶然发生的(occurrent)；(on)有条件的(dependent on or conditioned by something else)；n.分遣队(detachment)

例  Eligibility to buy shares was contingent on employees' agreeing to increased work loads. // Their government has a large contingent of armed guards patrolling its borders.

contraband [ˈkɑːntrəbænd]

n.走私(illegal or prohibited traffic in goods)；走私货(goods or merchandise whose importation, exportation, or possession is forbidden)

记  词根记忆：contra(相反) + band(束缚) →违反禁令得到的东西→走私货

例  It will become the largest contraband problem faced by the United States Customs Service.

contract

[ˈk ɑːntrækt] n.合同，契约(a binding agreement between two or more persons or parties)

[kənˈtrækt] v.感染(to become affected with)；收缩(to draw together)

记  词根记忆：con(共同) + tract(拉) + ion →将双方拉到一起→合同

例  a labor contract劳动合同// Children who contract measles develop an immunity to the virus.

派  contractor(n.承包人); contractual(a.合同的); contraction(n.感染)

contraction [kənˈtrækʃn]

n.收缩(the action or process of contracting)

例  Spasmodic(一阵阵的)winking is caused by the involuntary contraction of an eyelid muscle.

contractor [kənˈtræktər]

n.承包人；立契约者(one that contracts or is party to a contract)

记  来自contract(v.订约)

例  The contractor and the engineer agree on the cause of the bridge failure, but both blame the other.

同根词：distract(v.转移；分心)

contradict [ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkt]

v.否定(to deny)；反驳(to assert the contrary of)

记  词根记忆：contra(反) + dict(说话，断言) →反着说→反驳

例  They tend to contradict earlier findings about such unemployment. // There is much evidence to contradict this hypothesis.

派  contradiction(n.反驳；矛盾); contradictory(a.对抗的；反驳的)

同根词：dictator(n.独裁者); benediction(n.祝福)

contradiction [ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkʃn]

n.矛盾(a statement or phrase whose parts contradict each other)；反驳 (act or an instance of contradicting)

记  来自contradict(v.反驳；否认)

例  It indicates why a contradiction described in the previous paragraph has been overlooked by historians.

contrast

[ˈkɑːntræst] n.对比；差别(the difference or degree of difference between things having similar or comparable natures)

[kənˈtræst] v.对比；使与对照(to compare or appraise in respect to differences)

例  In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent.

派  contrastive(a.对比的)

contribute [kənˈtrɪbjuːt]

v.贡献(to play a significant part in bringing about an end or result)；投稿

(to submit articles to a publication)；捐献(to give or supply in common with others)

记  词根记忆：con(全部) + tribute(给予) →全部给予→捐献

例  Automobiles become less fuel efficient and therefore contribute more to air pollution as they age.

派  contribution(n.贡献；捐献；投稿)

同根词：attribute(v.归属；把…归于)

contributor [kənˈtrɪbjətər]

n.贡献者，捐助者(one that contributes a sum of money)；投稿者(a writer who submits his articles to a publication)

记  来自contribute(v.捐献)

例  Sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid rain, is an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the respiratory system's ability to deal with all other pollutants.

派  contributory(a.捐献的；贡献的)

同根词：tribute(n.赠品)

control [kənˈtroʊl]

v.控制，管理(to rule)；n. (实验的)对照，参照物(an individual or group used as a standard of comparison in a control experiment)

记  control作为“参照物”的意思时是专业术语

例  It served as a control for the experiment.

controversial [ˌkɑːntrəˈvɜːrʃl]

a.引起或可能引起争论的(causing controversy)

记  词根记忆：contro(相反) + vers(转) + ial →反着转→引起争论的

例  The relationship between corpulence and disease remains controversial.

派  controversially(ad.颇有争议地)

同根词：controvert(v.争论；辩论)

controversy [ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi]

n.争论，辩论(dispute)

记  词根记忆：contro(相反) + vers(转) + y →意见相反→争论，辩论

例  There are some possible approaches to resolving this long-standing controversy.

派  controversial(a.争议的，争论的)

convection [kənˈvekʃn]

n.对流(the circulatory motion that occurs in a fluid at a nonuniform temperature owing to the variation of its density and the action of gravity)

例  Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates(板块) along as though they were on a conveyor belt.

convenience [kənˈviːniəns]

n.便利(fitness or suitability for performing an action or fulfilling a requirement)

记  联想记忆：con(共同) + ven(来) + i + ence →共同行动来维护便民设施→便利

例  People buying pancake syrup at convenience stores, unlike those buying it at supermarkets, generally buy it only a few times.

同根词：convene(v.召集)

conventional [kənˈvenʃənl]

a.因循守旧的(according with a mode of artistic representation that simplifies or provides symbols or substitutes for natural forms)；传统的(of traditional design)

记  来自convention(n.习俗，惯例)

例  Conventional wisdom has it that large deficits in the United States budget cause interest rates to rise.

派  conventionally(ad.按照惯例地)

同根词：convene(v.召集)

conversion [kənˈvɜːrʒn]

n.转换；折合(the exchange of one type of security or currency for another)；财产转移(the changing of real property to personal property or vice versa)

记  词根记忆：con + vers(转) + ion →转换

例  Those farmers started the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms. // conversion to cooperative ownership转移合作所有权

convert [kənˈvɜːrt]

v. (into)(使)转化，(使)改变(to transform)；换算(to transform)

记  词根记忆：con + vert(转) →转换

例  The equipment is used to convert solar energy into electricity.

convey [kənˈveɪ]

v.运载，运送(to bear from one place to another)；表达(to impart or communicate)

记  词根记忆：con(共同) + vey(道路) →通过道路一起走→运载，运送

例  Human beings can see the spatial relations among objects by processing information conveyed by light. // The author intended to convey a negative attitude toward the role of race in determining status.

派  conveyor(n.运送者；运送设备)

conviction [kənˈvɪkʃn]

n.判罪(the act or process of convicting of a crime)；坚信(strong belief)

记  来自convict(v.定罪), con + vict(征服) →征服罪犯→判罪；尤其注意 conviction“坚信”一意

例  Many migrants came to America out of religious or political conviction. // The Revolutionary generation asserted its conviction that the welfare of the Republic rested upon an educated citizenry.

同根词：victory(n.胜利); invincible(a.无敌的)

convince [kənˈvɪns]

v. (使)某人确信(to bring to belief)；说服(to persuade)

记  词根记忆：con(全部) + vince(征服，克服) →彻底征服对方→说服

例  People will follow medical advice when they are convinced that it is effective. // The mayor's publicity campaign has convinced many people to leave their cars at home and ride the bus to work.

派  convinced(a.确信的); convincingly(ad.信服地，有说服力地)

convoluted [ˈkɑːnvəluːtɪd]

a.错综复杂的(twisted and tangled)

记  词根记忆：con(共同) + volut(滚) + ed →缠绕在一起的→错综复杂的

例  The message was so convoluted that Bill couldn't understand it.

派  convolve(v.卷，缠绕); convolution(n.回旋，卷绕)

cooperate [koʊˈɑːpəreɪt]

v.合作(to associate with another or others for mutual benefit)；配合(to act or work with another or others)

记  词根记忆：co(共同) + oper(工作) + ate →一起工作→合作

例  Employees who are frequently absent are the least likely to cooperate with or to join a corporate fitness program.

派  cooperation(n.合作)

同根词：operable(a.可操作的；可动手术的)

coordinate

[koʊˈɔːrdɪnət] n.坐标(any of a set of numbers used in specifying the location of a point on a line, on a surface, or in space)

[koʊˈɔːrdɪneɪt] v.协调(harmonize)

例  x-coordinate X(坐标)轴// The firms coordinated such activities by using available means of communication and transport.

派  coordination(n.协调，调和)

copper [ˈkɑːpər]

n.铜(chemical element, a common reddish-brown metal)；a.铜(制)的

记  联想记忆：cop(警察) + per →警察制服上的铜扣

例  copper mining company铜矿开采企业

coral [ˈkɔːrəl]

n.珊瑚；珊瑚虫

记  联想记忆：cor(看作core核心) + al →大海的核心之处有珊瑚→珊瑚

例  coral reef珊瑚礁

cord [kɔːrd]

n.绳，索(rope)；【解】索状组织(an anatomical structure resembling a cord)

记  本身为词根：心

例  vocal cord声带// spinal cord脊髓

同根词：record(v.录制); accord(v.一致；符合)

cork [kɔːrk]

n.软木塞(a cork stopper for a bottle or jug)；软木制品(the elastic tough outer tissue of the cork oak that is used especially for stoppers and insulation)

例  Cork prices, however, are expected to rise dramatically in the near future.

coronary [ˈkɔːrəneri]

a.冠状动脉的(of the arteries supplying blood to the heart)

记  词根记忆：corona(冠状物) + ry →冠状动脉的

例  coronary arteries冠状动脉

corporate [ˈkɔːrpərət]

a.团体的(incorporated)；法人的，公司的(of or relating to a corporation)

记  词根记忆：corpor(体) + ate →团体的；公司的

例  The accomplished women are potential candidates for corporate boards.

派  corporation(n.公司); incorporate(a.合并的；v.合并)

corporation [ˌkɔːrpəˈreɪʃn]

n.公司(company)；法人(a body formed and authorized by law to act as a single person)

记  词根记忆：corpor(团体) + ation →公司是由一个大团体构成的→公司

例  The number of women holding top executive positions in a corporation is compared to the number of women available for promotion to those positions.

同根词：corporate(a.法人的；共同的)

corps [kɔːrz]

n.军团(an organized subdivision of the military establishment)

记  词根记忆：corp(体) + s →一个整体→军团

例  the Army Corps of Engineers工程兵

corral [kəˈræl]

n.畜栏(a pen or enclosure for confining livestock)；v.关进畜栏(to enclose in a corral)

记  词根记忆：corr(=curr跑) + al → (不让)动物跑掉→关进畜栏

注意：coral(n.珊瑚)

例  They leave cattle alone while they feed themselves, then corral them, and drive them to market when they grow up.

correlate [ˈkɔːrəleɪt]

v. (with)和…相关(to bear mutual relations)

记  词根记忆：cor(共同) + relate(相关) →和…相关

例  Demographic changes in the workforce did not correlate with variations in the total number of temporary workers.

派  correlation(n.相互关系)

correspond [ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːnd]

v. (with)相一致(to be in conformity or agreement)；通信(to communicate with a person by exchange of letters)；(to)相应(to be equivalent or parallel)

记  词根记忆：cor(共同) + respond(作出反应) →作出相同的反应→相一致

例  The labor force should be restructured so that it corresponds to the range of job vacancies.

派  corresponding(a.相应的); correspondence(n.相应；信函)

corresponding [ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːndɪŋ]

a.相当的(comparing closely)；一致的(being in conformity or agreement)；通信的(communicating with a person by exchange of letters)

记  来自correspond(v.符合；一致)

例  The rings corresponding to the overlapping years could not be complacent rings.

同根词：correspondingly(ad.相应地)

corroborate [kəˈrɑːbəreɪt]

v.证实(to support with evidence or authority)

记  词根记忆：cor + robor(力量strength) + ate →加强力量来证实→证实

例  These data corroborate the hypothesis of the experiment.

派  corroborator(n.确证者)

同根词：corroborant(a.确证的；补身的); roborant(n.强壮剂)

corrosion [kəˈroʊʒn]

n.腐蚀(状态)，侵蚀(the action, process, or effect of corroding)

记  来自corrode(v.侵蚀)

例  It can cause blackouts in some areas and corrosion in north-south pipelines.

派  corrosive(a.腐蚀性的)

corrosive [kəˈroʊsɪv]

a.腐蚀性的，蚀坏的(tending or having the power to corrode)

记  来自corrode(v.侵蚀；损害)

例  The cable car will replace the tour buses whose large wheels and corrosive exhaust at present do significant damage to the site.

corruption [kəˈrʌpʃn]

n.腐化，堕落(depravity)

记  来自corrupt(v.腐化，使堕落)

例  The socialization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace. // The corruption of public officials makes the government look bad.

cortex [ˈkɔːrteks]

n. (内部器官的)皮质(the outer layer of an internal organ or body structure, as of the kidney or adrenal gland)

记  该词也有“(植物的)皮层，树皮”之意。

注意：bark(n.树皮)

例  adrenal cortex肾上腺皮质

cosmetic [kɑːzˈmetɪk]

n.化妆品(makeup)

记  联想记忆：cos(看作cost花费) + metic →化妆品花费很高

例  Cosmetics are being tested on sentient animals.

cosmic [ˈkɑːzmɪk]

a.宇宙的(of or relating to the cosmos)

记  词根记忆：cosm(宇宙) + ic →宇宙的

例  cosmic explosion宇宙大爆炸

同根词：cosmopolis(n.国际都市); cosmos(n.宇宙)

council [ˈkaʊnsl]

n.理事会，委员会(an assembly or meeting for consultation, advice, or discussion)

例  the National Security Council国家安全委员会

counteract [ˌkauntər ˈækt]

v.消除，抵消(to make ineffective or neutralize the ill effects of)

记  词根记忆：counter(反) + act(动作) →做相反的动作→消除，抵消

例  To help counteract our declining market share, we should increase the productivity of our professional staff members.

counterattack [ˈkaʊntərəˌtæk]

n.反攻，反击(beat back)

记  分拆记忆：counter(相反的) + attack(攻击) →反击

例  The Environmental Protection Agency's proposal to place restrictions on both diesel fuel and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry.

counterevidence [ˈkauntərˌevɪdəns]

n.反证(contrary or opposite evidence)

记  分拆记忆：counter(反的) + evidence(证据) →反证

例  A viewpoint is introduced, counterevidence is presented, and a new perspective is suggested.

counterfeit [ˈkaʊntərfɪt]

n.赝品(forgery)；v.伪造(货币等)，仿造(to imitate)

记  词根记忆：counter(反) + feit(=fact做) →反着做→伪造

例  Piracy and Counterfeiting Amendments Act反盗版和假币的修正案// Counterfeiting artifacts will become more commonplace now.

countermeasure [ˈkaʊntərmeʒər]

n.对策，对抗手段(an action or device designed to negate or offset another)

例  The countermeasure seems not effectual at all.

counterpart [ˈkaʊntərpɑːrt]

n.相应的人(或物) (one having the same function or characteristics as another)

例  Like their male counterparts, women scientists are above average in terms of intelligence and creativity.

counterproductive [ˌkaʊntərprəˈdʌktɪv]

a.事与愿违的(having the opposite effect to that intended)

记  分拆记忆：counter(反的) + productive(有成效的) →与想象有相反效果的→事与愿违的

例  A given government policy can be counterproductive when that policy has already unofficially been implemented.

countervail [ˈkaʊntərveɪl]

v.补偿(to compensative)；对抗，抵消(to counteract)

例  There were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market.

coupon [ˈkuːpɑːn]

n.赠券；优待券(a ticket or form authorizing purchases of rationed commodities)

例  discount coupons折扣券

courier [ˈkʊriər]

n.送急件的人(messenger)

记  词根记忆：cour(跑) + ier →跑着的人→送急件的人

例  Much of the material could be delivered much faster by special package couriers.

courtesy [ˈkɜːrtəsi]

n.礼貌，谦恭(courteous behavior)

记  联想记忆：court(法庭) + esy(看作easy从容的) →在法庭上既要从容不迫又要谦恭有礼→谦恭

例  Courtesy is rapidly disappearing from everyday interactions, and as a result, we are all the poorer for it.

cowhide [ˈkaʊhaɪd]

n.牛皮(leather made from the skin of a cow)；牛皮鞭(strip of this leather used as whip)

记  分拆记忆：cow(牛) + hide(兽皮，痛打) →牛皮，牛皮鞭

例  Cowhide is an inexpensive leather.

crack [kræk]

n.强效纯可卡因(a potent form of cocaine)；v.裂开，断裂(to break, split, or snap apart)

例  The use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers. // In most earthquakes the Earth's crust cracks like porcelain.

cramped [kræmpt]

a.狭窄的(confined, restricted)；狭促的(restrained)

记  词根记忆：cramp(铁箍，夹子) + ed →箍得很紧的→狭窄的

例  No more people could fit into the cramped elevator. // The cramped kennel was filled with too many dogs.

cranium [ˈkreɪniəm]

n.头颅(braincase)；头盖(skull)

例  What scientists know about dinosaur brains comes from studies of the cranium, the bony house of the brain located in the back of the skull.

crass [kræs]

a.粗劣的(gross)；愚钝的(stupid)

例  Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important.

crate [kreɪt]

n.篮，篓(an open box of wooden slats or a usually wooden protective case or framework for shipping)

记  联想记忆：编篮子(crate)也是一种创造(create)

creative [kri ˈeɪtɪv]

a.创造性的(marked by the ability or power to create)

记  来自create(v.创作；创造)

例  Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.

派  creatively(ad.创造性地；有创造力地); creativity(n.创造力)

同根词：recreate(v.再创造；娱乐，消遣)

creativity [ˌkriːeɪ ˈtɪvəti]

n.创造力，创作力(the ability to create)

记  词根记忆：cre(生长) + tivity →生长出新东西→创造力

例  Like their male counterparts, women scientists are above average in terms of intelligence and creativity.

credence [ˈkriːdns]

n.信任(belief)

记  词根记忆：cred(相信) + ence →相信→信任

例  Students are less likely to give credence to history textbooks than to mathematics textbooks.

同根词：credibility(n.可信，可靠); accredit(v.信任，授权于)

credit [ˈkredɪt]

n.信用，信任(trust)；v.把…归给(to ascribe)；把…记入贷方(to enter upon the credit side of an account)

记  词根记忆：cred(相信) + it →相信

例  Agricultural technology is credited with having made our lives better. // Interest was credited on the last day of each month.

派  discredit(v.怀疑)

creditworthiness [ˈkredɪtwɜːrðinəs]

n.有资格接受信用贷款(financially sound enough to justify the extension of credit)

例  Members of society have varying degrees of purchasing power and creditworthiness.

crest [krest]

n.顶部(peak)

例  the crests of waves浪尖

criminology [ˌkrɪmɪ ˈnɑːlədʒi]

n.犯罪学(the scientific study of crime as a social phenomenon, of criminals, and of penal treatment)

记  词根记忆：crimin(犯罪) + ology(学科) →犯罪学

例  The police detective took courses in criminology.

cripple [ˈkrɪpl]

n.瘸子(a lame or partly disabled person or animal)；v.使…成残废(to deprive of the use of a limb and especially a leg)

记  和creep(v.爬行)一起记

例  His right hand and arm were crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War.

派  crippling(a.极有害的)

criteria [kraɪ ˈtɪriə]

n.标准(measure of value)

记  词根记忆：crit(评断) + eria →判断的手段→标准

例  They invoke four principal criteria for determining climatic conditions existing in the past.

criterion [kraɪ ˈtɪriən]

n.评判的标准，尺度(standard by which sth. is judged)

记  词根记忆：crit(判断) + er(看作err错误) + ion →评判的标准

注意：复数形式criteria

例  Using a criterion based on an object's color, astronomers recently identified 23 galaxies so distant from Earth that their light has taken 85 percent of the age of the universe to reach us.

critic [ˈkrɪtɪk]

n.评论家，批评家(one who engages often professionally in the analysis, evaluation, or appreciation of works, of art or artistic performances)

记  词根记忆：crit(评断) + ic →做评断的人→评论家

例  The critics are correct on this point.

派  critical(a.批评的；关键的); criticism(n.评判，批评); criticize(v.批评；评论)

The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved.

生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。

——法国小说家雨果(Victor Hugo, French novelist)