第1章 序言

当今人类社会处在一个大变革、大调整、大发展的时代，我们几乎每日每时都能感受到人类匆促而杂踏的脚步，体味到社会急剧而纷繁的变革。我国的改革开放经过三十余年的高歌猛进，空前地改变了中国的面貌。以建立社会主义市场经济体制为主线的改革全面启动了生产力发展的动力系统，促进我国国民经济以世所罕见的速度发展；与此同时，社会生活的各个领域，包括政治、社会、文化、军事以及人们的精神面貌均发生了历史性的变化。这种情况被概括为四个“深刻”，即“经济体制深刻变革，社会结构深刻变动，利益格局深刻调整，思想观念深刻变化。”

这里需要特别提到“社会结构的深刻变动”，尤其是其中阶级阶层结构的深刻变动。三十余年来，中国社会传统的阶级阶层结构已被新的阶级阶层结构所代替。工人阶级和农民阶级虽然还是我国社会的基本阶级，但其内部结构发生了深刻变化。工人阶级的成份构成已由相对单一成份变为多样成份，劳动关系走向市场化、契约化，内部分层明显，阶级意识趋向多元。农民阶级由发轫于联产承包的农村改革引致空前的分化和流动，大量剩余劳动力流向城市，成为当代工人阶级的重要组成部分，农村人口大幅缩减，城镇化步伐大大加快。与上述两个阶级的变化相伴随，在改革开放中，适应所有制结构的调整和社会主义市场经济体制的逐步发展，形成了众多的新社会阶层，包括个体户阶层、中介组织的从业人员阶层、自由职业人员阶层、民营科技企业的创业人员和技术人员阶层、受聘于外资企业的管理技术人员阶层等等。这些新的社会阶层在我国经济社会生活中正在发挥着重要作用。在市场经济条件下，一切都处于变动不居状态，新的阶级阶层结构也处于不断变动中。随着改革的深入和社会成员频繁的、持续的、大规模的流动，阶级阶层结构必然还会发生新的变化。

社会阶级阶层结构的变化是社会变革的结果，反过来又深深影响着社会的变革。国防和军队建设领域就是受阶级阶层结构变化深刻影响的一个明显例子。阶级阶层结构的变化不仅大大改变了军队的兵员结构，而且对军事人才队伍的建设产生了重大影响。一方面，新的阶级阶层结构有利于军队拓宽引才、聚才、育才、用才的渠道；另一方面，人才流动的利益导向又对军队吸引和保留人才提出了挑战，社会阶层利益分化使军事人才价值取向发生新变化，社会就业结构变化使军人转业退伍安置遇到新难题。如何解决这些问题，是国防和军队建设面临的一个重大课题，也是国家安全和发展必须解决的一个重大问题。

赵周贤同志所著《当代中国社会阶层结构变化与军事人才建设》就是针对上述问题而进行的一项专题研究。作者以改革开放为宏观背景，以我国社会阶级阶层结构变化为切入点，以回答军事人才队伍建设面临的一系列重大问题为着力点，作了颇有深度的研究和分析，提出了有理有据的对策建议。其中关于适应知识经济时代要求、建立军事人才资本产权制度，解决高层次军事人才按要素分配中的制度问题，实现对高层次人才的有效激励、解决吸引保留高层次军事人才难题的见解；关于探索建立军官职业化制度，统筹解决现行转业安置政策与地方人事制度改革不相适应的现状，以解除军人后顾之忧、促进社会稳定、有利保留人才的建议；关于建立适应社会利益关系调整和军队现代化建设要求、充分体现军事职业特点、与其他社会成员合理共享经济发展成果的军队工资福利待遇制度体系的主张；关于加强军事人才价值观体系建设、树立正确的利益观、安心军营做奉献，同时又形成有利于军事人才成长的社会舆论氛围的建议，等等，都是很有价值、很有见地的。相信这部著作的出版，会对改革开放条件下特别是社会阶级阶层结构发生重大变化条件下军事人才队伍建设发挥积极推动作用。

姜汉斌

2010年2月26日

（序言作者系中国政治学会副会长、中国科学社会主义学会副会长，国防大学马克思主义研究所原所长、教授、少将）

Abstract

Since China's reform and open to the outside world，there have been deep changes taking place in the structure of China's social stratum，which is an event of great significance to the construction of military talented personnel so as to correctly grasp the status quo of dividedness and mobility of the social class and stratification，characteristics and trend and to reveal the effect on construction of military talented personnel due to social changes.

The research topic is studied here under the general background characteristic times in which the Marxist stance，viewpoint and method and the latest formulation on the status quo of China's social class and stratification put forward by the Communist Party of China（CPC），an exposition on promoting theory innovation are used as ideological guideline and principles of methodology，as well as the theory of talent studies on relationship between social environment and growth of talented personnel and studies on theoretical viewpoint and method of contemporary sociology on social stratification and mobility analysis，and where the construction of military talented personnel is placed on trend forging ahead toward the great goal of modernization，deep reform economic system，deep change of social structure，deep adjustment of interest distribution and deep change of ideology，etc.The paper probes for interaction of army man group and each vocational group of the whole society in the divided and mobile process and discusses the effect on the construction of military professional rank to the People's Liberation Army（PLA）on the basis of statistical dada of social investigation，by the method of combing macro with micro-analysis，theoretical with experimental analysis and qualitative with quantitative analysis，and through three levels of openning-up and reform，sub-environment of medium scale between macro and micro of the national personnel system and minor environment of micro personnel policy-making within the PLA.

The owning rate of resources of organization，economy and culture is distinguished from social stratum.The change of owning rate of resources of material（wealth，e.g.），relationship（power，prestige，information，e.g.）and culture（knowledge，education，e.g.）is made clear through the social investigation of the army man group under the rapid change of social transformation of China's social talented personnel market distribution on positions of politics，economy，society and values of the military talented personnel group and characteristics of social and self assessment of military talented personnel.It brings to light the interest relationship between army man，a special group in contemporary period and other social professional group between military talented personnel group and other social talented personnel group，and also reveals the characteristics and impact on army man，especially on the mobility of military talented personnel due to the dividedness of social strata and the change of social mobility mechanism.Under such circumstances，measures are made to solve all problems mentioned above.They are realized by deepening the reform of wages and welfare system for the army man in order to set up a rational mechanism that is suited to the readjustment of all social interests and the requirement of modernization，which should be fully characterized by representing military so as to assure their own social position and rational interests，providing necessary material guarantee for the construction of the high qualified military personnel rank.It fits in with the need of knowledge-oriented economic age，build the capital property system for military talented personnel，solve the mechanism problem of distribution according to the key element，realize the effective encouragement for high-level personnel，eliminate the fundamental obstacle of market distribution of high-level military talented personnel，solve the difficult problem appealing to the high-level military talented personnel，explore ways of a career army man institution，solve the problem of settlement policy for demobilized army man that lags behind the civilian personnel system，strengthen the construction of value system of the army man，establish the values system and value evaluation system of the army man that accord with the demands of the age requirement so as to make them set up correct viewpoint of interests to set their mind at ease working hard for the PLA and be approved by society due to their contribution to their country and society，forming public opinion atmosphere where being beneficial to military talented personnel growing up and strengthening the construction of the military talented personnel in light of both spirit and material aspects.